Oleaginous microorganisms as a sustainable oil source with a focus on downstream processing and cost-lowering production strategies: A review

The increased demand for specialty oils, driven by a growing population and thus increased consumption as well as seasonal fluctuations, poses challenges for the environment and edible oil industries. Oleaginous microorganisms offer a promising solution as they are capable of yielding oils with high concentrations of polyunsaturated fatty acids or profiles similar to that of traditional fats. These oils have applications in diverse industries, including food, biofuels, pharmaceuticals, and healthcare. While multiple studies explore strains suitable for industrial-scale oil production, data comparison remains limited. Oleaginous microorganisms offer versatility in utilising various carbon sources, seasonal independence, and a minimal ecological footprint. However, downstream processing steps still hinder overall profitability and thus commercialisation. This review takes a bioprocess engineering approach, focusing on upstream and downstream processing, up-scale, practical and economic considerations, and innovative strategies developed to lower production costs.