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Nanocellulose from Mankamana-3 corncob biomass: Synthesis, characterization, surface modification and potential applications 来自 Mankamana-3 玉米棒生物质的纳米纤维素：合成、表征、表面改性和潜在应用

Q1 Environmental Science

Bioresource Technology Reports

Pub Date : 2024-10-09 DOI: 10.1016/j.biteb.2024.101971

This study characterizes corncob from the Nepali variety Mankamana-3, an abundantly available agricultural waste, extracts nanocellulose from it, modifies the nanocellulose with copper nanoparticles, and explores its potential application. The corncobs were mechanically processed into fine powder, delignified by base hydrolysis, bleached and then subjected to acid hydrolysis to obtain nanocellulose fibrils. The corncob contained ~38.86 % cellulose, ~22.02 % lignin, ~34.89 % hemicellulose, ~0.97 % moisture, ~3.33 % ash with minimal moisture content (0.97 %). Transmission electron microscopy imaging confirmed nanocellulose fibers with an average diameter of 28.2 ± 2.57 nm. X-ray diffraction results revealed the existence of both cellulose I and cellulose II polymorphs in nanocellulose with 66.55 % crystallinity index (CrI). Further, copper nanoparticles were grown on nanocellulose fibrils, which showed significant antimicrobial activity against E. coli, S. aureus and C. albicans, and prolonged stability in the ambient environment. The corncob biomass-derived nanocellulose could potentially replace conventional inorganic supports for growing various nanoparticles.

这项研究描述了尼泊尔品种 Mankamana-3 玉米棒（一种大量存在的农业废弃物）的特性，从中提取纳米纤维素，用纳米铜粒子对纳米纤维素进行改性，并探索其潜在应用。玉米棒经机械加工成细粉，通过碱水解脱木质，漂白，然后进行酸水解，得到纳米纤维素纤维。玉米棒含有 ~38.86 % 的纤维素、~22.02 % 的木质素、~34.89 % 的半纤维素、~0.97 % 的水分、~3.33 % 的灰分，其中水分含量最低（0.97 %）。透射电子显微镜成像证实，纳米纤维素纤维的平均直径为 28.2 ± 2.57 nm。X 射线衍射结果显示，纳米纤维素中存在纤维素 I 和纤维素 II 两种多晶体，结晶度指数（CrI）为 66.55%。此外，在纳米纤维素纤维上生长出的纳米铜粒子对大肠杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌和白色念珠菌具有显著的抗菌活性，并且在环境中长期保持稳定。玉米芯生物质衍生纳米纤维素有可能取代传统的无机支撑物，用于生长各种纳米粒子。

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引用次数: 0

Insides into molecular structural elucidation on the pesticidal and herbicidal potency of AD biogas slurry AD 沼气浆杀虫和除草效力的分子结构阐释内幕

Q1 Environmental Science

Bioresource Technology Reports

Pub Date : 2024-10-05 DOI: 10.1016/j.biteb.2024.101967

Biogas slurry is the residue liquid after anaerobic fermentation of biomass. The bio-slurry has the potential to promote plant growth and control pests. This study explores the pesticidal potency of anaerobic digestate focusing on structural elucidation through gas chromatography–mass spectrometry analysis. Samples were collected from three anaerobic digesters processing cow dung, mixed substrates, and pig waste. Physicochemical parameters such as pH, electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids, and nitrogen content were measured. The slurries exhibited slightly basic pH values (7.5–7.8) and electrical conductivity (13.8–21.9 mS/m). GC–MS analysis revealed diverse phytochemical compounds in the bio-slurries, such as gramine, 2,2-dimethoxybutane, and 4-methyl-3-penten-2-one, with potential pesticidal properties. Gramine exhibited insecticidal, herbicidal, and algaecidal effects, while 2,2-dimethoxyethane demonstrated fungicidal and herbicidal properties. Gramine was identified and possesses its potential as a natural biopesticide. The identified compounds offer promising alternatives to synthetic pesticides, emphasizing the potential of biogas slurry as a sustainable biopesticide resource.

沼气浆是生物质厌氧发酵后的残余液体。生物浆液具有促进植物生长和控制害虫的潜力。本研究通过气相色谱-质谱分析法对厌氧沼渣的杀虫效力进行了探讨，重点是阐明其结构。从处理牛粪、混合基质和猪粪的三个厌氧消化器中收集了样品。测量了 pH 值、电导率、总溶解固体和氮含量等理化参数。泥浆的 pH 值（7.5-7.8）和电导率（13.8-21.9 mS/m）均略呈碱性。气相色谱-质谱（GC-MS）分析显示，生物泥浆中含有多种植物化学物质，如禾草宁、2,2-二甲氧基丁烷和 4-甲基-3-戊烯-2-酮，具有潜在的杀虫特性。豚草碱具有杀虫、除草和灭藻类的作用，而 2,2-二甲氧基乙烷则具有杀真菌和除草的特性。经鉴定，禾本科植物禾氨酸具有作为天然生物杀虫剂的潜力。所发现的化合物为合成杀虫剂提供了有前途的替代品，强调了沼气泥浆作为可持续生物杀虫剂资源的潜力。

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引用次数: 0

Bio-flocculation: A cost effective and energy efficient harvesting technique for algal biofuel production and wastewater treatment 生物絮凝：用于藻类生物燃料生产和废水处理的低成本、高能效采集技术

Q1 Environmental Science

Bioresource Technology Reports

Pub Date : 2024-10-04 DOI: 10.1016/j.biteb.2024.101969

Microalgae are one of the most effective biomass sources for the creation of third-generation biofuel because of their high lipid content and area productivity. However, cost-effective solutions are required for the large-scale cultivation of microalgal biomass. Colloidal characteristics, negative charge on the surface, and low sedimentation velocity of microalgae make it difficult to harvest. Harvesting of microalgal biomass generally accounts for about 20 to 30 % of the total cost of cultivation, thereby acting as a major hold-up at the commercial level. Among the various harvesting techniques adopted (centrifugation, coagulation, and flocculation), bio-flocculation has appeared as a cost-effective, eco-friendly, industrially suitable process for microalgal harvesting. Eco-friendly methods of algal biomass harvesting for instance algal-yeast, algal-fungal, and algal-bacterial bio-flocculation for biofuel production have been debated in the present review. The utilization of fungal, yeast, and bacterial flocculants has been documented to increase the algal harvesting efficiency along with the removal of toxic substances from biomass. The only limiting factor is the pathogenic nature of some bio-flocculants which restricts its utilization in the food and pharmaceutical industries. There is a substantial need for further research to perceive an economic and non-toxic bio-flocculant for harvesting a large number of microalgae that can be employed in all sorts of industries. This review attempts to analyze information on the utilization of microalgae as a viable and efficient way for wastewater treatment due to its capacity to transform wastewater nutrients into valuable chemicals, low energy requirements, sustainability, and adaptability to a variety of environmental situations.

微藻具有高脂质含量和面积生产力，是制造第三代生物燃料最有效的生物质来源之一。然而，大规模培养微藻生物质需要具有成本效益的解决方案。微藻的胶体特性、表面负电荷和低沉降速度使其难以收获。微藻生物质的收割一般占种植总成本的 20% 至 30%，因此成为商业化的主要障碍。在采用的各种收获技术（离心、混凝和絮凝）中，生物絮凝已成为一种具有成本效益、生态友好、适合工业化生产的微藻收获工艺。本综述讨论了用于生物燃料生产的藻类生物质收获的生态友好型方法，如藻类-酵母、藻类-真菌和藻类-细菌生物絮凝法。有资料表明，利用真菌、酵母和细菌絮凝剂可以提高藻类收获效率，同时去除生物质中的有毒物质。唯一的限制因素是某些生物絮凝剂具有致病性，限制了其在食品和制药行业的应用。因此，有必要开展进一步的研究，以便找到一种经济、无毒的生物絮凝剂，用于收获大量微藻，并将其应用于各种行业。本综述试图分析利用微藻作为废水处理的一种可行而有效的方法的相关信息，因为微藻有能力将废水中的营养物质转化为有价值的化学品，能源需求低，具有可持续性，并能适应各种环境状况。

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引用次数: 0

The potential of seaweed biochar and fly ash amendments in enhancing vermi-degradation and the fertilizer value of cow manure, wastepaper-based vermicompost 海藻生物炭和粉煤灰添加剂在促进牛粪、废纸蛭石降解和肥料价值方面的潜力

Q1 Environmental Science

Bioresource Technology Reports

Pub Date : 2024-10-04 DOI: 10.1016/j.biteb.2024.101968

This study evaluated the potential of amending cow manure (CM) based vermicompost with fly ash (FA) and seaweed biochar (Bio) on vermidegradation, nutrient release and early crop growth. All treatments, except CM + fly ash, resulted in a C/N ratio below 20, indicating a mature compost. The CM + Biochar treatment had the highest Olsen-P of 274.75 mg/kg whilst the CM + Fly ash treatment had the lowest concentration of 239.13 mg/kg. Only Zn showed a consistent increasing trend of 51.5 %, 45.6 %, 53.6 %, and 47.8 % for the CM + fly ash, CM + FA + Bio, CM + Bio, and CM treatments, respectively. For crop germination, the CM + fly ash compost needs to be substituted at 25 % in cocopeat, whilst 50 % substitution is suitable for seedling development. Future studies need to evaluate the potential of removing salts from seaweed-biochar, and the field soil application of seaweed and fly ash amended vermicomposts.

本研究评估了用粉煤灰（FA）和海藻生物炭（Bio）对牛粪蛭石堆肥（CM）进行改良对蛭石降解、养分释放和早期作物生长的影响。除 CM + 粉煤灰外，所有处理的 C/N 比都低于 20，表明堆肥已经成熟。CM + 生物炭处理的奥尔森-P 最高，为 274.75 毫克/千克，而 CM + 粉煤灰处理的奥尔森-P 最低，为 239.13 毫克/千克。只有锌在 CM + 粉煤灰处理、CM + FA + 生物处理、CM + 生物处理和 CM 处理中呈持续增长趋势，分别为 51.5%、45.6%、53.6% 和 47.8%。就作物发芽而言，CM + 粉煤灰堆肥在椰糠中的替代率为 25%，而 50% 的替代率则适合幼苗生长。未来的研究需要评估从海藻生物炭中去除盐分的潜力，以及海藻和粉煤灰蛭石堆肥在田间土壤中的应用。

引用次数: 0

Microbial transformation of lignite into methane: Insights from anaerobic-activated sludge systems 微生物将褐煤转化为甲烷：厌氧活性污泥系统的启示

Q1 Environmental Science

Bioresource Technology Reports

Pub Date : 2024-10-03 DOI: 10.1016/j.biteb.2024.101970

Lignite pretreated by H₂O₂ was degraded by microorganisms in anaerobic activated sludge to produce methane, and the microorganisms were analyzed by high-throughput techniques. Samples fermented for 60 days were analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS). Methane production was found to reach a maximum rate of 2.25 mL/g·d⁻¹ at pH 7 and 35 °C, which was synchronized with the efficient consumption of organic acids, with a peak organic acid production of 202.13 COD/mg·L⁻¹. A total of 37 compounds including alkanes, ketones, esters and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons were detected in the fermentation broth, and the species compositions of anaerobic sludge microbiota were fungal, bacterial and archaeal are Ascomycota, Bacteroidetes and Methanosaeta respectively in the fermentation system. Based on the analysis of above results, it is initially speculated that the biochemical pathway for lignite degradation and methane production by anaerobic sludge microorganisms is the acetate pathway.

经 H2O2 预处理的褐煤通过厌氧活性污泥中的微生物降解产生甲烷，并通过高通量技术对微生物进行分析。发酵 60 天的样本采用高效液相色谱法（HPLC）和气相色谱-质谱法（GC-MS）进行分析。结果发现，在 pH 值为 7、温度为 35 ℃ 时，甲烷的最大产率为 2.25 mL/g-d-1，与有机酸的有效消耗同步，有机酸的峰值产率为 202.13 COD/mg-L-1。在发酵液中检测到包括烷烃、酮类、酯类和多环芳烃在内的共 37 种化合物，厌氧污泥微生物群的种类组成为真菌、细菌和古细菌，在发酵系统中分别为子囊菌科（Ascomycota）、类杆菌科（Bacteroidetes）和甲烷菌科（Methanosaeta）。根据上述结果分析，初步推测厌氧污泥微生物降解褐煤和产生甲烷的生化途径是醋酸盐途径。

引用次数: 0

Innovations in biodegradable materials: Harnessing Spirulina algae for sustainable biocomposite production 生物可降解材料的创新：利用螺旋藻生产可持续生物复合材料

Q1 Environmental Science

Bioresource Technology Reports

Pub Date : 2024-10-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.biteb.2024.101965

The negative implications of non-biodegradable plastics on environment have led to the need for eco-friendly materials that can mitigate environmental degradation. Spirulina algae have emerged as a promising candidate for sustainable biocomposite production due to their rapid growth rate, high protein content, and eco-friendly nature. This review explores the unique properties of Spirulina, including its mechanical strength, biodegradability, and potential environmental benefits when used as a biocomposite material. Comparisons with other biomaterials, such as polylactic acid (PLA) and cellulose, highlight Spirulina's advantages and limitations. The review also discusses the challenges of Spirulina's scalability and commercial application in biocomposites. Biocomposite production techniques including injection molding, solvent casting, and blending are discussed. Also, characterization techniques such as SEM, FTIR, and TGA are used to identify the properties of biocomposite. Finally, future research directions are suggested to overcome these challenges and fully realize Spirulina's potential in sustainable materials development.

不可降解塑料对环境造成的负面影响促使人们需要能够缓解环境退化的生态友好型材料。螺旋藻因其生长速度快、蛋白质含量高和生态友好的特性，已成为可持续生物复合材料生产的理想候选材料。本综述探讨了螺旋藻的独特性能，包括其机械强度、生物降解性以及用作生物复合材料时的潜在环境效益。与聚乳酸（PLA）和纤维素等其他生物材料的比较突出了螺旋藻的优势和局限性。综述还讨论了螺旋藻在生物复合材料中的可扩展性和商业应用所面临的挑战。还讨论了生物复合材料的生产技术，包括注射成型、溶剂浇注和混合。此外，还使用了扫描电镜、傅立叶变换红外光谱和热重分析等表征技术来确定生物复合材料的特性。最后，提出了未来的研究方向，以克服这些挑战，充分发挥螺旋藻在可持续材料开发方面的潜力。

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引用次数: 0

Effects of light color on growth, nutrient uptake, and harvesting of the indigenous strain of Chlorococcum sp. 光色对本地绿球藻菌株生长、营养吸收和收获的影响

Q1 Environmental Science

Bioresource Technology Reports

Pub Date : 2024-09-27 DOI: 10.1016/j.biteb.2024.101966

Chlorococcum sp. is robust and has dominant growth in aquatic habitats, making it a promising bioresource. This study investigates the batch-wise cultivation and harvesting of Chlorococcum sp. in a standard medium under various lights, followed by biomass harvesting using FeCl₃ as a coagulant. The findings highlight the significant impact of light color on growth and nutrient uptake. Specifically, red and blue light promotes growth, followed by white and violet. Following successful cultivation, the coagulation process underwent optimization, determining the optimal dose for harvesting at different cell concentrations (700 mg/L for 3.6 × 10⁶ cells/mL, 600 mg/L for 3.3 × 10⁶ cells/mL, 500 mg/L for 3.2 × 10⁶ cells/mL, and 400 mg/L for 3.0 × 10⁶ cells/mL), each exhibiting high harvesting efficiency. These findings not only advance microalgae cultivation practices but also provide valuable insights into the effective recovery of biomass, potentially expanding the applications of microalgae in various biotechnological fields.

氯球藻（Chlorococcum sp.）生命力强，在水生生境中生长旺盛，是一种很有前景的生物资源。本研究探讨了在不同光照条件下，在标准培养基中批量培养和收获 Chlorococcum sp.研究结果凸显了光色对生长和养分吸收的重要影响。具体来说，红光和蓝光能促进生长，其次是白光和紫光。培养成功后，对混凝过程进行了优化，确定了不同细胞浓度下的最佳收获剂量（3.6×106 个细胞/毫升时为 700 毫克/升，3.3×106 个细胞/毫升时为 600 毫克/升，3.2×106 个细胞/毫升时为 500 毫克/升，3.0×106 个细胞/毫升时为 400 毫克/升），每种剂量都表现出很高的收获效率。这些发现不仅推进了微藻的培养实践，而且为有效回收生物质提供了宝贵的见解，有可能扩大微藻在各种生物技术领域的应用。

引用次数: 0

Production of biogas from various types of spent mushroom substrate under different growth conditions 在不同生长条件下利用各种废蘑菇基质生产沼气

Q1 Environmental Science

Bioresource Technology Reports

Pub Date : 2024-09-24 DOI: 10.1016/j.biteb.2024.101964

The mushroom cultivation industry effectively utilizes a diverse range of lignocellulosic waste but generates a significant amount of spent mushroom substrate (SMS) that poses disposal challenges. However, SMS can be used to generate valuable biogas. This study aimed to generate biogas by utilizing different types of spent mushroom substrate (SMS) obtained from three mushroom varieties. These mushroom varieties were cultivated in three types of greenhouses: Photovoltaic Shading greenhouse (PSG), shading greenhouse (SHG), and Control greenhouse (CG). The study found that the total solids (TS) and the amount of SMS used had a significant impact on both the total gas production and the removal of volatile solids (VS). The results demonstrated the feasibility of utilizing SMS as a raw material for biogas production, with variations observed depending on SMS type and greenhouse conditions. It contributes to knowledge in sustainable waste management and renewable energy production from agricultural by-products.

蘑菇种植业可有效利用各种木质纤维素废物，但会产生大量废蘑菇基质 (SMS)，这给处理带来了挑战。然而，SMS 可用来产生有价值的沼气。本研究旨在利用从三个蘑菇品种中获得的不同类型的废蘑菇基质（SMS）来产生沼气。这些蘑菇品种在三种类型的温室中栽培：光伏遮阳温室 (PSG)、遮阳温室 (SHG) 和对照温室 (CG)。研究发现，总固体（TS）和 SMS 使用量对总产气量和挥发性固体（VS）的去除率都有显著影响。研究结果表明，利用 SMS 作为生产沼气的原料是可行的，不同的 SMS 类型和温室条件会产生不同的效果。该研究有助于了解可持续废物管理和利用农副产品生产可再生能源的知识。

引用次数: 0

A systematical comparation of Cu (II) adsorption behavior and mechanism between biomass fly ash and biogas residue pyrolysis char 生物质粉煤灰和沼气残渣热解炭对 Cu (II) 的吸附行为和机理的系统比较

Q1 Environmental Science

Bioresource Technology Reports

Pub Date : 2024-09-22 DOI: 10.1016/j.biteb.2024.101959

Biomass fly ash (BFA) and biogas residues are the main by-products of biomass direct-fired power generation and biogas production. This study compares the Cu(II) adsorption mechanisms of BFA and biogas residue pyrolysis char (BRPC) through systematic tests. BFA exhibited a significantly higher adsorption capacity (75.34 mg/g) than BRPC (42.80 mg/g). The pseudo-first-order kinetic model best described BFA, while the Elovich model was optimal for BRPC. Both materials fit the Freundlich isotherm model. BFA's superior mineral co-precipitation and ion-exchange capacity are due to its rich mineral content, particularly calcium. BRPC benefits from an additional functional group complex adsorption due to its pyrolytic charcoal content. Variations in pore structure of BFA and BRPC did not demonstrate a significant effect on the adsorption. The results of this study provide essential data support for the potential of high-value utilization of BFA and BRPC and the innovative modification of high-performance biomass-based heavy metal adsorbent materials.

生物质粉煤灰（BFA）和沼气渣是生物质直燃发电和沼气生产的主要副产品。本研究通过系统测试比较了生物质粉煤灰和沼气残渣热解炭（BRPC）对 Cu（II）的吸附机理。BFA 的吸附容量（75.34 mg/g）明显高于 BRPC（42.80 mg/g）。伪一阶动力学模型最适合描述 BFA，而 Elovich 模型最适合描述 BRPC。两种材料都符合 Freundlich 等温线模型。BFA 具有优异的矿物共沉淀和离子交换能力，这是因为它含有丰富的矿物质，尤其是钙。由于含有热解木炭，BRPC 还具有额外的官能团复合吸附能力。BFA 和 BRPC 的孔隙结构变化对吸附作用没有明显影响。这项研究的结果为 BFA 和 BRPC 的高值化利用潜力以及高性能生物质重金属吸附材料的创新改性提供了重要的数据支持。

引用次数: 0

Performance comparison of down-flow hanging sponge reactor and moving bed bioreactor for aquaponic systems 下流式悬挂海绵反应器和移动床生物反应器在水生植物栽培系统中的性能比较

Q1 Environmental Science

Bioresource Technology Reports

Pub Date : 2024-09-22 DOI: 10.1016/j.biteb.2024.101963

Aquaponics require high-quality water purification for the high and stable production of fish and vegetables. This study investigated the performance of a down-flow hanging sponge (DHS) reactor and a moving bed bioreactor (MBBR) in an Acipenser ruthenus–Lactuca sativa aquaponic system. At high fish density conditions, the NH₄⁺-N in the DHS-aquaculture tank was maintained as low as 0.38 ± 0.26 mg-N·L⁻¹ compared with the MBBR-aquaculture tank despite an effective volume of one-fifth. Additionally, the DHS-aquaponic system produced greater amounts of lettuce (1075.23 g) and longer plants (21.70 ± 1.36 cm) in comparison to the MBBR system (842.78 g and 17.02 ± 2.2 cm). This study showed that a DHS system effectively reduces ammonium nitrogen concentrations, stabilizes nitrogen levels in water, and enhances the ecological health of hydroponic systems. Therefore, the DHS system not only improves agricultural production efficiency but also promotes sustainable agricultural development.

鱼菜共生需要高质量的水净化，以实现鱼类和蔬菜的高产稳产。本研究调查了下流式悬挂海绵（DHS）反应器和移动床生物反应器（MBBR）在如意鱼-莴苣鱼菜共生系统中的性能。在高密度养鱼条件下，DHS-水产养殖池中的 NH4+-N 保持在 0.38 ± 0.26 mg-N-L-1 的低水平，而 MBBR-水产养殖池中的 NH4+-N 只有其有效容积的五分之一。此外，与 MBBR 系统（842.78 克和 17.02 ± 2.2 厘米）相比，DHS-水培系统生产的生菜量更大（1075.23 克），植株更长（21.70 ± 1.36 厘米）。这项研究表明，DHS 系统能有效降低铵态氮浓度，稳定水中的氮含量，提高水培系统的生态健康水平。因此，DHS 系统不仅能提高农业生产效率，还能促进农业可持续发展。

引用次数: 0

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