Towards net zero healthcare transport operations in Indonesia: A total cost of ownership approach

Managing transport is key to support the achievement of net zero healthcare. This study aims to assess transport options (single vs. multi-modal; electric vs. combustion) considering sustainability, efficiency, and responsiveness of the healthcare operations. To achieve the aim, we develop a mathematical model and conduct numerical experiment using a total cost of ownership (TCO) approach and a case study of blood supply chain in Yogyakarta, Indonesia. We find that electric vehicle slightly outperforms combustion vehicle both in the single and multi-modal scenarios within optimised routes. We contribute by proposing the first TCO-based transport model and simulation for multivehicle operations within the healthcare sector. This study could help hospitals and blood centres conduct scenario planning to help achieve net zero targets, which is in line with the current trend set by the government to use more electric vehicles and the scarce use of electric vehicles in healthcare operations.