商业杀虫剂制剂对蚯蚓生物标志物和繁殖成功率的慢性影响

IF 6 3区 环境科学与生态学 Q1 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Environmental Sciences Europe Pub Date : 2024-06-18 DOI:10.1186/s12302-024-00940-7
Željka Lončarić, Carina Lackmann, Dora Bjedov, Antonio Šimić, Sandra Ečimović, Thomas-Benjamin Seiler, Henner Hollert, Mirna Velki
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引用次数: 0

摘要

自 20 世纪 60 年代以来,尽管欧盟制定了旨在保护人类健康和环境免受杀虫剂不利影响的全面立法,但使用杀虫剂造成的化学污染一直是个问题。虽然监管风险评估主要集中在活性成分上,但最近的研究表明,商业制剂会对非目标生物产生生态毒理学影响,特别是在土壤生态系统中,蚯蚓等关键物种在维持土壤质量和肥力方面发挥着至关重要的作用。因此,本研究的目的是评估以下相应商业制剂的长期影响:杀虫剂 Sumialfa(esfenvalerate)和 Calypso(thiacloprid),以及除草剂 Frontier(dimethenamid-p)和 Filon(prosulfocarb),在 7、14 和 28 天的长期接触过程中对标准化土壤中蚯蚓 Eisenia andrei 的影响。为了研究它们对不同生物组织水平可能产生的影响,研究了酶生物标志物:乙酰胆碱酯酶(AChE)、羧基酯酶(CES)、谷胱甘肽 S-转移酶(GST)、谷胱甘肽还原酶(GR)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GPx);非酶生物标志物:多氧生物抗性活性(MXR)、谷胱甘肽(GSH)水平、活性氧(ROS)以及繁殖成功率。虽然 Calypso 似乎是毒性最小的物质,但所有农药都对 E. fetida 的多生物标志物反应有显著影响。尽管如此,MXR 活性在所有测试农药的作用下都发生了显著变化,这表明 MXR 是本研究中最敏感的终点。28 天后观察到 MXR 恢复,但仅在接触 Filon 的情况下,而在接触 Sumialfa 后,CAT 活性也在 28 天后恢复。接触最高浓度(100 毫克/千克)的菲龙和苏米尔法会对繁殖成功率产生负面影响,表现为蚕茧数量减少,而只有接触菲龙(100 毫克/千克)才会减少幼虫数量。根据研究结果,将商业农药制剂纳入农药风险评估非常重要。所研究农药的毒性分类表明,不同浓度的农药可能会对陆地生态系统中的主要土壤物种造成危害。未来的研究应包括其他土壤物种以及对更高层次的生物组织(即行为终点)进行调查,以确定其对陆地生态系统的潜在风险。
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Chronic effects of commercial pesticide preparations on biomarkers and reproductive success in earthworm Eisenia andrei

Chemical pollution resulting from pesticide usage has been a continuous issue since the 1960s, despite comprehensive European Union legislation designed to safeguard human health and the environment from the adverse effects of pesticides. While regulatory risk assessments primarily focus on the active ingredients, recent research indicates ecotoxicological impacts of commercial preparations on non-target organisms, particularly within the soil ecosystem where key species such as earthworms play a vital role in maintaining soil quality and fertility. Therefore, the aim of this study was the assessment of the long-term effects of the following respective commercial preparations: the insecticides Sumialfa (esfenvalerate) and Calypso (thiacloprid), as well as the herbicides Frontier (dimethenamid-p) and Filon (prosulfocarb) on the earthworm Eisenia andrei in standardized soil during long-term exposures of 7, 14, and 28 days. To study the possible effects on different levels of biological organization, enzymatic biomarkers: acetylcholinesterase (AChE), carboxylesterase (CES) glutathione S-transferase (GST), glutathione reductase (GR), glutathione peroxidase (GPx); non-enzymatic biomarkers: multixenobiotic resistance activity (MXR), levels of glutathione (GSH), and reactive oxygen species (ROS) as well as reproductive success were investigated. While Calypso appeared to be the least toxic substance, all pesticides showed significant effect on multiobiomarker response in E. fetida. That being said, the response of MXR activity was significantly altered by all tested pesticides indicating MXR being the most sensitive endpoint of the present research. Recovery of MXR was observed after 28 days, however, only in case of exposure to Filon, while the recovery of CAT activity was recorded after 28 days as well, subsequent to Sumialfa exposure. Reproductive success was negatively impacted regarding the Frontier and Sumialfa exposure at the highest concentration (100 mg/kg) reflected in reduced number of cocoons, while only the exposure to Frontier (100 mg/kg) reduced the number of juveniles. Based on the results, it is important to include commercial pesticide formulations in pesticide risk assessments. The toxicity classifications of the studied pesticides suggest the potential detrimental consequences to the key soil species in terrestrial ecosystems at various concentrations. Future studies should include other soil species as well as investigation of higher levels of biological organization, i.e., behavioral endpoints, to determine the potential risks to terrestrial ecosystems.

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来源期刊
Environmental Sciences Europe
Environmental Sciences Europe Environmental Science-Pollution
CiteScore
11.20
自引率
1.70%
发文量
110
审稿时长
13 weeks
期刊介绍: ESEU is an international journal, focusing primarily on Europe, with a broad scope covering all aspects of environmental sciences, including the main topic regulation. ESEU will discuss the entanglement between environmental sciences and regulation because, in recent years, there have been misunderstandings and even disagreement between stakeholders in these two areas. ESEU will help to improve the comprehension of issues between environmental sciences and regulation. ESEU will be an outlet from the German-speaking (DACH) countries to Europe and an inlet from Europe to the DACH countries regarding environmental sciences and regulation. Moreover, ESEU will facilitate the exchange of ideas and interaction between Europe and the DACH countries regarding environmental regulatory issues. Although Europe is at the center of ESEU, the journal will not exclude the rest of the world, because regulatory issues pertaining to environmental sciences can be fully seen only from a global perspective.
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