Bacterial Nanocellulose Produced by Cost-Effective and Sustainable Methods and Its Applications: A Review

This review discusses the recent advancements in cost-effective fermentation methods for producing bacterial nanocellulose (BC) from food and agro-industrial waste. Achieving economical cell culture media is crucial for large-scale BC production, requiring nutrient-rich media at low cost to maximize cellulose yield. Various pretreatment methods, including chemical, physical, and biological approaches, are stated to break down waste into accessible molecules for cellulose-producing bacteria. Additionally, strategies such as dynamic bioreactors and genetic engineering methods are investigated to enhance BC production. This review also focuses on the environmental impact assessment and updated application challenges of BC such as medical applications, energy storage/electronics, filtration membranes, and food packaging. By providing insights from the recent literature findings, this review highlights the innovative potential and challenges in economically and efficiently producing BC from waste streams.