Analyzing recent deformation in Wadi Hagul, Eastern Desert, Egypt, via advanced remote sensing and geodetic data processing

Abstract The Wadi Hagul region in the eastern desert of Egypt is facing seismic hazards and increased human activity. This study uses remote sensing and geodetic methods to monitor and analyze recent deformation in the area. Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) data from the Sentinel-1A satellite and Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) data were combined to track surface movements and deformations accurately. The study analyzed InSAR data from February 4, 2020, to February 07, 2024, and GNSS data from the Wadi Hagul geodetic network established in July 2022 and monitored until January 2024. Despite the relatively short GNSS monitoring period, it provided valuable insights into recent deformation trends. By integrating data from ten GNSS stations, including International Geodetic stations (IGS), and InSAR scenes from the Sentinel-1A mission, the study estimated recent ground deformation in the region. The main objectives were to analyze recent crustal movements by identifying spatial and temporal patterns of deformation and assess implications for geological processes. In Key Findings, horizontal movement fluctuates between 0.5 and 2.5 ± 0.1 mm annually across the geodetic network. The estimated velocity of the area was 1.5–2 ± 0.5 mm per year. Integrating GNSS and InSAR data helped calculate movement rates along fault lines and create a fault map. In conclusion, the results suggest that while current deformation rates are moderate, they could increase significantly due to human activity, leading to higher seismic activity and potential earthquakes. Limiting human activity in the region is advisable to prevent negative impacts on nearby populated areas.