既不是协议,也不是代词

Andrés Saab
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摘要

Baker & Kramer(2018)认为,西班牙文中助词加倍的分布源自弱交叉(Weak Crossover)。因此,在指称状语叠加中,裸wh-短语不能被叠加(例如,*¿A quién lo viste? 'Who did you see?')这一事实的原因与解释标准的WCO违规(例如,*?¿A quién vio su madre?'她妈妈看到谁了?) 如果这是在正确的轨道上,那么,指代词双关语必须被视为普通代词。因此,Baker & Kramer 认为,助词加倍的分布比指称加倍的分布更广,例如,允许裸wh-短语的加倍(例如,¿A quién le diste un libro? 'Who did you give a book?'),这一事实证明助词加倍的助词不可能是代词,而只是约定标记。在本回答中,我将主要根据里奥普拉坦语西班牙语的数据来说明这两个结论都是不正确的。Baker & Kramer 关于语气助词加倍的建议既产生得过多,也产生得过少。在 Rioplatense 西班牙语及其他语言中,调节加倍语气词分布的是宾语的词性构成。具体来说,直接宾语只要带有[人]的特征就会加倍(Di Tullio et al 2019),而间接宾语只要带有[D]的特征就会加倍(Pujalte & Saab 2018)。然而,尽管存在这种差异,两者都是低频 A 动作和谓语制造者的探究对象,即既不是普通的代词,也不是单纯的一致标记。
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Neither agreement nor pronouns
Baker & Kramer (2018) suggests that the distribution of clitic doubling in Spanish follows from Weak Crossover. Thus, the fact that in accusative clitic doubling bare wh-phrases cannot be doubled (e.g., *¿A quién lo viste? ‘Who did you see?’) is explained by the same reason that explains a standard WCO violation (e.g., *?¿A quién vio su madre? ‘Who did her mother see?’).  If this in on the right track, then, accusative doubling clitics must be considered plain pronouns. The fact that the distribution of dative clitic doubling is wider than accusative clitic doubling, allowing, for instance, the doubling of bare wh-phrases (e.g., ¿A quién le diste un libro? ‘Who did you give a book?’), is, consequently, taken by Baker & Kramer as evidence that dative doubling clitics cannot be pronouns, but mere agreement markers. In this reply, I show, mainly based on data from Rioplatense Spanish, that both conclusions are incorrect. Baker & Kramer’s suggestion regarding accusative doubling both overgenerates and undergenerates. What regulates the distribution of doubling clitics in Rioplatense Spanish and beyond is the inflectional makeup of objects. Concretely, direct objects are doubled whenever they bear a [person] feature (Di Tullio et al 2019), whereas indirect objects are doubled by the mere presence of a [D]-feature (Pujalte & Saab 2018). Yet, despite this difference, both are probes for A-movement and predicate-makers at LF, i.e., neither plain pronouns nor mere agreement markers.  
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The modularty of agreement variation Lessons from overtly-headed exclamatives in Spanish varieties Possessives and spatial expressions in Spanish V-Doubling subordinates of immediate succession Neither agreement nor pronouns
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