An autopsy presentation of spontaneous splenic rupture in chronic myeloid leukemia: A rare case report

Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) is a rare hematologic malignancy characterized by genetic alterations in pluripotential hematopoietic stem cells that result in the BCR-ABL1 fusion gene. Although CML typically progresses through three phases, with the chronic phase being the most common, spontaneous splenic rupture (SSR) remains an exceedingly rare complication. Prompt recognition and intervention are crucial for optimizing patient outcomes in cases of SSR. We present the case of a 43-year-old male diagnosed with chronic-phase CML who experienced sudden-onset abdominal pain and was treated with analgesics during an OPD visit, leading to sudden and unexpected death. Postmortem examination revealed extensive hemoperitoneum secondary to spontaneous splenic rupture. This case highlights the rarity and clinical significance of SSR in patients with CML. Continued reporting and analysis of SSR cases is essential for advancing our understanding and improving patient outcomes. Educating patients about the potential risks of SSR and the importance of prompt reporting of symptoms can empower them to seek timely medical attention, potentially reducing adverse outcomes. Further research into the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying SSR in CML is warranted to inform clinical management strategies and to improve patient care.