A case of severely progressive left atrial calcification triggered by inflammation due to radiofrequency catheter ablation

Left atrial calcification (LAC) has been reported in 13.8 % of patients after atrial fibrillation (AF) ablation, which is related with stiff LA physiology and increased cardiovascular events. We describe a case in which long-term persistence of atrial inflammation caused by radiofrequency catheter ablation (RFCA) resulted in LAC. A 73-year-old man who underwent three previous AF ablations presented to our institution with a chief complaint of shortness of breath upon exertion. Electrocardiography showed a normal sinus rhythm, and transthoracic echocardiography revealed mild pulmonary hypertension. A marked decrease was observed in the mitral Doppler A-wave. Right heart catheterization showed marked V-wave augmentation in the pulmonary artery wedge pressure waveform despite the absence of mitral regurgitation, leading to a diagnosis of stiff LA syndrome. Computed tomography images revealed atrial wall thickening consistent with the ablation sites 6 months after the first ablation, which reflected inflammation-induced edema. LAC occurred at the site of atrial wall edema and expanded over several years. Mitral Doppler tracing showed a decrease in the A-wave two years and nine months after the first detection of LAC. This case demonstrates inflammation-induced atrial edema can persist for months after RFCA and may adversely affect atrial function years later.

Learning objective

This case demonstrates inflammation-induced atrial edema can persist for months after radiofrequency catheter ablation and may adversely affect atrial function years later. Considering that left atrial calcification (LAC) was detected two years and nine months before atrial function declined in this case, early detection of LAC may be a predictor of future atrial function deterioration. Careful follow-up is recommended for patients with LAC.