An exceptional record of soft-sediment deformation within Pliocene deposits of Faro Drift (SW Iberia margin) - IODP Expedition 339 Sites U1386 and U1387

The occurrence of soft-sediment deformation structures (SSDS) have long been recognized in several types of sedimentary environments and deposits. However, their presence in contourite drift deposits is still unreported in the literature. In this work, we present the first detailed description of SSDS found within the Pliocene sedimentary record of the Faro Drift, recovered during the Integrated Ocean Drilling Program (IODP) Expedition 339. The Faro Drift is the largest contourite drift of the Contourite Drift Depositional System developed in the Gulf of Cadiz since the Late Miocene by the circulation of the Mediterranean Outflow Water. The SSDS were identified in archive-halves of core sections located between ∼458 and ∼ 510 m below seafloor (mbsf) (hole U1386C), and between ∼599 and ∼ 670 mbsf (hole U1387C). Their identification and characterization was made by visual core description, structural geometrical analysis in core-scan high-resolution images, and scanning electron microcopy (SEM) analysis in selected intervals. The SSDS were classified based on the exhibited geometry, structural configuration and respective kinematics. The main deformation process and potential trigger were inferred from the geometrical and kinematics analysis. We identified five categories of SSDS: i) microfaults (normal and thrust faults), ii) slump sheet (formed by several types of folds, such as eye-folds, fish-hook folds, spiral folds), iii) convolute bedding, iv) folds within debrite mudclasts', and v) sigmoidal-like structures. Although the first three are well known types of SSDS, the folds within debrite mudclasts' and sigmoid-like structures have been scarcely recognized and described at core-scale. The inferred deformation processes responsible for the formation of these SSDS were i) brittle deformation by hydrofracturing and compaction faulting (microfaults), ii) hydroplastic (ductile) deformation (slump folds, folds within debrite mudclasts'), iii) liquefaction (convolute bedding), iv) shearing by flow movement (sigmoid-like structures). The most probable triggering agents seem to have been overloading, downslope movement of slump sheet and debris flow, and shearing by currents.