Assessing the light scattering properties of c-Si PV module materials for agrivoltaics: Towards more homogeneous light distribution in crop canopies

Increasing the diffusivity of transmitted light at crop canopies in agrivoltaic (AV) systems remains a desired objective. This is because diffuse light increases the uniformity of light distribution and penetrates deeper into compact crop canopies thereby enhancing the photosynthesis rate and crop yields. Current approaches in greenhouses and open horticultural systems involve the use of diffusing films, diffuse glass, and light diffusing coatings. While these methods are effective, their combination with photovoltaic (PV) modules in AV greenhouses and other AV farming practices remain relatively unknown. However, little to no work has been done to assess the light scattering properties of the existing PV module structural materials such as the glass, encapsulants and the transparent backsheet. This work therefore investigates the light scattering behaviour of c-Si PV module materials through haze and Hortiscatter measurements. 18 samples with the structural layout of glass/encapsulant/encapsulant/back cover (glass or transparent polymer backsheet), applying different commercial encapsulants, were manufactured and tested experimentally. Light in the photosynthetic spectrum was used in the optical characterization of the samples. Furthermore, the impact of UV degradation on the haziness was also tested and the uniformity of the light distribution was further assessed to obtain the Hortiscatter. The findings indicated that (i) Transparent backsheets increased the light diffusivity. (ii) UV degradation reduced the light scattering of most of the PV materials. (iii) For the haziest transparent backsheet sample, the distribution of the transmitted light increased with the incidence light angle and reduced with increasing wavelength in the visible spectrum (iv) Highest haze and Hortiscatter values of up to 80% and 84% respectively were obtained for a sample with glass/TPO/TPO/transparent backsheet layout. (v) Haze and Hortiscatter values could help in optimising the PV module bill of materials for AV applications.