Bubbling resilient 3D free-standing nanoporous graphene with an encapsulated multicomponent nano-alloy for enhanced electrocatalysis†

The design and synthesis of highly durable and active electrocatalysts are crucial for improving the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) in proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs). In this work, we present a novel dealloyed nanoporous PtCuNiCoMn multicomponent alloy with ligaments/pores ranging from 2–3 nm, which is in situ encapsulated in a three-dimensional, free-standing nanoporous nanotubular graphene network featuring a pore/tube diameter of ∼200 to 300 nm. This method allows precise control over the noble metal loading and alloy composition while preventing noble metal loss throughout the preparation process. The innovative bimodal nanoporous graphene/alloy structure, coupled with an open 3D spongy morphology, and optimized surface Pt electronic structure through multicomponent interaction, significantly enhances the activity for the HER/ORR, outperforming commercial Pt/C. Moreover, this design addresses the issues of Pt nanoparticle aggregation and detachment from carbon supports that typically exist in Pt/C-type catalysts, thereby substantially improving the catalytic durability, even under intense gas bubbling conditions.