Drought-induced molecular changes in crown of various barley phytohormone mutants.

One of the main signal transduction pathways that modulate plant growth and stress responses, including drought, is the action of phytohormones. Recent advances in omics approaches have facilitated the exploration of plant genomes. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying the response in the crown of barley, which plays an essential role in plant performance under stress conditions and regeneration after stress treatment, remain largely unclear. The objective of the present study was the elucidation of drought-induced molecular reactions in the crowns of different barley phytohormone mutants. We verified the hypothesis that defects of gibberellins, brassinosteroids, and strigolactones action affect the transcriptomic, proteomic, and hormonal response of barley crown to the transitory drought influencing plant development under stress. Moreover, we assumed that due to the strong connection between strigolactones and branching the hvdwarf14.d mutant, with dysfunctional receptor of strigolactones, manifests the most abundant alternations in crowns and phenotype under drought. Finally, we expected to identify components underlying the core response to drought which are independent of the genetic background. Large-scale analyses were conducted using gibberellins-biosynthesis, brassinosteroids-signaling, and strigolactones-signaling mutants, as well as reference genotypes. Detailed phenotypic evaluation was also conducted. The obtained results clearly demonstrated that hormonal disorders caused by mutations in the HvGA20ox2, HvBRI1, and HvD14 genes affected the multifaceted reaction of crowns to drought, although the expression of these genes was not induced by stress. The study further detected not only genes and proteins that were involved in the drought response and reacted specifically in mutants compared to the reaction of reference genotypes and vice versa, but also the candidates that may underlie the genotype-universal stress response. Furthermore, candidate genes involved in phytohormonal interactions during the drought response were identified. We also found that the interplay between hormones, especially gibberellins and auxins, as well as strigolactones and cytokinins may be associated with the regulation of branching in crowns exposed to drought. Overall, the present study provides novel insights into the molecular drought-induced responses that occur in barley crowns.