Binary solid wastes derived clinker: Raw feed system design validation and thermodynamic simulation investigation

Solid waste derived clinker design methodology was established based on thermodynamic simulation and experiment validation via the recycling of incinerated sewage sludge ash (ISSA) and recycled concrete fine (RCF). Compared with 1000 °C and 1100 °C, 1200 °C was the optimum temperature for C₂S-rich clinker synthesis due to the highest simulated belite content after sintering. A utilization rate of 95 % was achieved, accomplishing the maximization of solid waste recycling. Due to the CaCO₃ phase formation by the reaction of high-content belite (46.8 %) with CO₂, carbonated 1200ARS eco-cement showed higher compressive strength than OPC and other eco-cements. The lowest porosity (18.1 %) with dense microstructure was also obtained by carbonated 1200ARS. Benefiting from the high CO₂ reactivity of belite, 1200ARS displayed the optimum CO₂ sequestration capacity with a higher carbonation degree (30.1 %) than other batches, providing a promising direction for future development of the low-carbon cement industry to achieve environmental sustainability.