Highly Confined Hybridized Polaritons in Scalable van der Waals Heterostructure Resonators

The optimization of nanoscale optical devices and structures will enable the exquisite control of planar optical fields. Polariton manipulation is the primary strategy in play. In two-dimensional heterostructures, the ability to excite mixed optical modes offers an additional control in device design. Phonon polaritons in hexagonal boron nitride have been a common system explored for the control of near-infrared radiation. Their hybridization with graphene plasmons makes these mixed phonon polariton modes in hexagonal boron nitride more appealing in terms of enabling active control of electrodynamic properties with a reduction of propagation losses. Optical resonators can be added to confine these hybridized plasmon–phonon polaritons deeply into the subwavelength regime, with these structures featuring high quality factors. Here, we show a scalable approach for the design and fabrication of heterostructure nanodisc resonators patterned in chemical vapor deposition-grown monolayer graphene and h-BN sheets. Real-space mid-infrared nanoimaging reveals the nature of hybridized polaritons in the heterostructures. We simulate and experimentally demonstrate localized hybridized polariton modes in heterostructure nanodisc resonators and demonstrate that those nanodiscs can collectively couple to the waveguide. High quality factors for the nanodiscs are measured with nanoscale Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Our results offer practical strategies to realize scalable nanophotonic devices utilizing low-loss hybridized polaritons for applications such as on-chip optical components.