Azimuthal crustal variations and their implications on the seismic impulse response in the Valley of Mexico

Previous studies have suggested prominent variations in the seismic wave behavior at the 5 s period when traveling across the Valley of Mexico, associating them with the crustal structure and contributing to the anomalous seismic wave patterns observed each time an earthquake hits Mexico City. This article confirms the variations observed at 0.2 Hz by analyzing the Green tensor diagonal retrieved from empirical Green functions (EGF) calculated using seismic noise data cross-correlations of the vertical and horizontal components. We observe time and phase shifts between the east and north EGF components and show that they can be explained by the crustal structure from the surface up to 20 km depth; we also observe that the time and phase shifts are more significant if the distance between the source and the station increases. Additionally, the article presents an updated version of the velocity model from receiver functions and dispersion curves (VMRFDC v2.0) for the crustal structure under the Valley of Mexico. To validate this model, we compare the EGFs with synthetic Green functions determined numerically. To do so, we adaptatively meshed this model using an iterative algorithm to numerically simulate the impulse response up to 0.5 Hz. Finally, the comparisons between noise and synthetic EGF showed that the VMRFDC v2.0 model explains the time shifts and phase differences at 0.2 Hz, previously observed by independent studies, suggesting it correctly characterizes the crustal structure anomalies beneath the Valley of Mexico.