Luke Eberhart-Hertel, Ignas Safari, Poyo Makomba, Anne Hertel, Wolfgang Goymann
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引用次数: 0
摘要
1 引言 成体性别比(ASR)是性选择下进化的一个关键人口组成部分(Andersson, 1994; Clutton-Brock, 1991)。达尔文(1871 年)和迈尔(1939 年)注意到了性别比例不平等的重要性,但并没有发展出理论概念将这种变化与性别角色多样性联系起来,性别角色多样性被定义为雌性和雄性在配偶竞争、配偶选择和父母照料程度上的差异(Kappeler 等人,2023 年;Schärer 等人,2012 年)。如今,理论(Fromhage & Jennions, 2016; Schacht et al., 2017)、实验(Clutton-Brock et al., 1997; Fritzsche & Arnqvist, 2013)和比较证据(Eberhart-Phillips et al., 2018; Liker et al., 2013)表明,成年性别比例会影响繁殖决策,因为原则上有限性别在交配和养育决策中具有优势(Kokko & Jennions, 2008; McNamara et al., 2000)。这种解释假定两性都不受性别角色的限制,因此选择可以作用于两性在竞争、交配或养育方面的投入以及投入的程度。然而,在自然界中,一个类群的系统发育、生活史和生态学会产生生理、行为、生态和进化方面的限制,这些限制可能会限制每种性别对成年性别比偏差做出反应的选择(Andersson,1995,2005;Klug 等人,2013)。例如,许多鸟类类群的雄性缺乏孵卵所需的血管化育雏斑块,这就限制了它们在成体性别比出现雄性偏向时的进化反应。除非先 "进化 "出育雏斑块,否则这些物种的雄性只能以更高的竞争来应对。因此,对理论进化模型的任何实证检验都需要考虑系统发育、生活史和环境制约因素。最近的理论发现,成熟性别比(达到性成熟并在一生中首次进入交配池的雌性和雄性的相对数量)和成年死亡率的性别差异是影响成年性别比的两个关键因素,进而影响交配和养育决定(Fromhage & Jennions, 2016; Jennions & Fromhage, 2017; Klug et al.来自海岸鸟类的经验证据支持这一理论(Eberhart-Phillips 等人,2017 年,2018 年;Kosztolányi 等人,2011 年;Loonstra 等人,2019 年)。与鸟类相比,哺乳动物的养育决定受到更多限制(部分原因是体内胎儿发育和哺乳),但哺乳动物中性别特异性的幼年死亡率仍会对交配竞争产生影响。例如,在瓶鼻海豚(Tursiops aduncus)中,幼年雄性的死亡率高于雌性:它们在开始形成雄性联盟的时期受到年长雄性的威胁,而雄性联盟对它们未来交配的成功至关重要(McEntee等人,2023年)。与此相反,野马种群中偏向雄性的成年性别比并不是由偏向性别的幼马死亡率造成的,而是由于雌马的成年死亡率较高,从而影响了雄马之间的竞争和繁殖群体的组成(Regan等人,2020)。体型上的性别差异可能会导致性别偏向性死亡率,这可能是因为父母对体型较大的性别投资较少(Fisher,1930年),也可能是因为体型较大的性别在生长过程中更容易受到不利环境条件的影响(Clutton-Brock等人,1985年,1997年;Kalmbach & Benito,2007年;Loonstra等人,2019年;Roskaft & Slagsvold,1985年;Weatherhead & Teather,1991年)。然而,在雌雄二形的猛禽中,雏鸟死亡率是平衡的,或者较小性别的死亡率较高,这表明巢内的竞争有利于较大性别的猛禽(牛顿,1979年)。就一般鸟类而言,最近的比较数据表明,雌性较大的幼鸟死亡率通常较高(Benito & González-Solís, 2007)。因此,雌雄个体在个体发育过程中的存活率不同会导致成年雌雄比例失调,从而影响繁殖决策,包括哪种性别更有可能竞争配偶或提供父母照料。研究高度性别二形与单形物种的此类过程可能有助于了解成年性别比偏差的原因及其对交配和养育决策的影响。因此,我们在这里检验了早期人口统计--特别是幼体死亡率的性别差异--是否会影响轿马(百足目)的成年性别比,进而影响交配和养育决定。杜鹃是一种非寄生性筑巢杜鹃,根据物种不同,雌杜鹃的体型要比雄杜鹃大一些(Andersson, 1995; Erritzoe等人, 2012)。
期刊介绍:
Functional Ecology publishes high-impact papers that enable a mechanistic understanding of ecological pattern and process from the organismic to the ecosystem scale. Because of the multifaceted nature of this challenge, papers can be based on a wide range of approaches. Thus, manuscripts may vary from physiological, genetics, life-history, and behavioural perspectives for organismal studies to community and biogeochemical studies when the goal is to understand ecosystem and larger scale ecological phenomena. We believe that the diverse nature of our journal is a strength, not a weakness, and we are open-minded about the variety of data, research approaches and types of studies that we publish. Certain key areas will continue to be emphasized: studies that integrate genomics with ecology, studies that examine how key aspects of physiology (e.g., stress) impact the ecology of animals and plants, or vice versa, and how evolution shapes interactions among function and ecological traits. Ecology has increasingly moved towards the realization that organismal traits and activities are vital for understanding community dynamics and ecosystem processes, particularly in response to the rapid global changes occurring in earth’s environment, and Functional Ecology aims to publish such integrative papers.