<h2>1 INTRODUCTION</h2> <p>Global surface temperatures have risen by approximately 1.2°C since 1850 (NOAA, <span>2020</span>) and are projected to increase by an additional 2.2°C by 2100 (Lyon et al., <span>2022</span>). Climate warming can impact the fitness and distribution of plants by altering root morphology, symbiosis and nutrient acquisition strategies (Arndal et al., <span>2013</span>; Dukes et al., <span>2005</span>; Liu et al., <span>2013</span>; Meza-Lopez & Siemann, <span>2017</span>; Nijs et al., <span>1996</span>; Olsrud et al., <span>2010</span>; Qiu et al., <span>2021</span>; Rillig et al., <span>2002</span>; Wertin et al., <span>2017</span>; Zhou et al., <span>2022</span>). Alongside climate-induced abiotic stresses, plants face biotic stresses, such as herbivory, pathogen infection and parasitism by other plants (Albornoz et al., <span>2017</span>; Bardgett et al., <span>2006</span>; Sentis et al., <span>2020</span>). Although the effects of climate change on herbivores and pathogens have been studied (Laughton et al., <span>2017</span>; Lemoine et al., <span>2017</span>), its impact on the interactions between host plants and parasites remains less understood.</p> <p>Parasitic plants often cause serious damage to host plants by directly extracting nutrients from the host or indirectly reducing the host's nutrient acquisition capabilities (Yuan et al., <span>2021</span>; Yuan, Gao, et al., <span>2023</span>; Yuan & Li, <span>2022</span>). To enhance nutrient uptake, plants have evolved various strategies involving different root functional traits (Carmona et al., <span>2021</span>; Wang et al., <span>2023</span>). First, to increase nutrient foraging efficiency and uptake, plants can grow longer and thinner roots, resulting in a higher specific root length (SRL) and specific root area (SRA), and a lower root diameter (RD). Symbiotic relationship with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) further enhances nutrient extraction from the soil (Yaffar et al., <span>2022</span>). Second, to increase the nutrient uptake rate, plants can decrease root construction costs by having a lower root tissue density (RTD) and increase the metabolic rate by having a higher root nitrogen content (Bergmann et al., <span>2020</span>; Ding et al., <span>2023</span>; Wang et al., <span>2023</span>). Enzymatic activities, such as acid phosphatase (APase) release, also play a role in nutrient availability by enhancing organic matter mineralization (Bi et al., <span>2023</span>). Measuring the root functional traits of plants under different environmental conditions may help to predict how plant performance will respond to environmental change.</p> <p>To better understand the relationships among root functional traits and to predict root responses to environmental changes, ecologists have recently used multiple root traits to define the ‘root economics space’ (Bi et al., <span>2023</span>; Ding et al., <span>2023</span>; Han et al., <span>2022</span>
{"title":"Effects of warming and parasitism on root traits and the root economics space","authors":"Yongge Yuan, Mark van Kleunen, Junmin Li","doi":"10.1111/1365-2435.14658","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2435.14658","url":null,"abstract":"<h2>1 INTRODUCTION</h2>\u0000<p>Global surface temperatures have risen by approximately 1.2°C since 1850 (NOAA, <span>2020</span>) and are projected to increase by an additional 2.2°C by 2100 (Lyon et al., <span>2022</span>). Climate warming can impact the fitness and distribution of plants by altering root morphology, symbiosis and nutrient acquisition strategies (Arndal et al., <span>2013</span>; Dukes et al., <span>2005</span>; Liu et al., <span>2013</span>; Meza-Lopez & Siemann, <span>2017</span>; Nijs et al., <span>1996</span>; Olsrud et al., <span>2010</span>; Qiu et al., <span>2021</span>; Rillig et al., <span>2002</span>; Wertin et al., <span>2017</span>; Zhou et al., <span>2022</span>). Alongside climate-induced abiotic stresses, plants face biotic stresses, such as herbivory, pathogen infection and parasitism by other plants (Albornoz et al., <span>2017</span>; Bardgett et al., <span>2006</span>; Sentis et al., <span>2020</span>). Although the effects of climate change on herbivores and pathogens have been studied (Laughton et al., <span>2017</span>; Lemoine et al., <span>2017</span>), its impact on the interactions between host plants and parasites remains less understood.</p>\u0000<p>Parasitic plants often cause serious damage to host plants by directly extracting nutrients from the host or indirectly reducing the host's nutrient acquisition capabilities (Yuan et al., <span>2021</span>; Yuan, Gao, et al., <span>2023</span>; Yuan & Li, <span>2022</span>). To enhance nutrient uptake, plants have evolved various strategies involving different root functional traits (Carmona et al., <span>2021</span>; Wang et al., <span>2023</span>). First, to increase nutrient foraging efficiency and uptake, plants can grow longer and thinner roots, resulting in a higher specific root length (SRL) and specific root area (SRA), and a lower root diameter (RD). Symbiotic relationship with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) further enhances nutrient extraction from the soil (Yaffar et al., <span>2022</span>). Second, to increase the nutrient uptake rate, plants can decrease root construction costs by having a lower root tissue density (RTD) and increase the metabolic rate by having a higher root nitrogen content (Bergmann et al., <span>2020</span>; Ding et al., <span>2023</span>; Wang et al., <span>2023</span>). Enzymatic activities, such as acid phosphatase (APase) release, also play a role in nutrient availability by enhancing organic matter mineralization (Bi et al., <span>2023</span>). Measuring the root functional traits of plants under different environmental conditions may help to predict how plant performance will respond to environmental change.</p>\u0000<p>To better understand the relationships among root functional traits and to predict root responses to environmental changes, ecologists have recently used multiple root traits to define the ‘root economics space’ (Bi et al., <span>2023</span>; Ding et al., <span>2023</span>; Han et al., <span>2022</span>","PeriodicalId":172,"journal":{"name":"Functional Ecology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2024-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142256444","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
<h2>1 INTRODUCTION</h2> <p>Vision plays a central role in the ecology of many organisms, shaping the outcomes of their interactions with each other and the environment (e.g. predator–prey; host–parasite). The evolution of visual systems is impacted by variation in visual traits (e.g. coloration; Endler et al., <span>2005</span>), which can have signalling roles but which may also have <i>non-signalling functions</i> that have significant and synergistic effects (Koneru & Caro, <span>2022</span>). Importantly, animal coloration, which derives from diverse pigments and structures and is shaped by numerous biotic and abiotic factors, occurs in both integumentary structures (i.e. skin, fur, feathers, beaks, scales and shells), and non-integumentary structures (i.e. inner organs and blood; Hill & McGraw, <span>2006</span>). Because integumentary structures are the component that interacts directly with the environment, this is the tissue that is most likely to have an impact on the evolution of visual systems and is thus the focus of this perspective. To date, substantial progress has been made on our understanding of how organisms detect visual cues including the precise estimations of colour vision and visual capabilities (e.g. Maia et al., <span>2019</span>; van den Berg et al., <span>2020</span>; Vorobyev & Osorio, <span>1998</span>) and how specific visual systems may be influenced by their environments (e.g. Endler, <span>1992</span>; Härer et al., <span>2018</span>; Leal & Fleishman, <span>2002</span>). However, given the range of pigmented integumentary tissues that occur in nature (Figure 1), there is still much to learn about the non-visual functional significance of these pigments and how they may subsequently influence visual systems, particularly as global change alters selective landscapes (Koneru & Caro, <span>2022</span>; Rojas, <span>2016</span>).</p> <figure><picture> <source media="(min-width: 1650px)" srcset="/cms/asset/94a9c412-9249-4738-af22-4d7536a95a5b/fec14656-fig-0001-m.jpg"/><img alt="Details are in the caption following the image" data-lg-src="/cms/asset/94a9c412-9249-4738-af22-4d7536a95a5b/fec14656-fig-0001-m.jpg" loading="lazy" src="/cms/asset/8f3c678a-dc9e-4d42-a7f2-aa2c9bbe2ad9/fec14656-fig-0001-m.png" title="Details are in the caption following the image"/></picture><figcaption> <div><strong>FIGURE 1<span style="font-weight:normal"></span></strong><div>Open in figure viewer<i aria-hidden="true"></i><span>PowerPoint</span></div> </div> <div>Pigments are used to make the wide variety of animal coloration displayed here. Pigments used for signals have to date been given the most attention for the likely impacts of global change on their display. However, many of the pigments above actually have non-visual or unknown functions. (a) The function of the low and high melanin concentrations in the, respectively, light and dark polymorphs of these timber rattlesnakes (<i>Crotalus horridus</i>) are unknown. (
{"title":"A call to integrate non-visual functions of pigments and their interactions with visual functions to understand global change impacts on visual systems","authors":"Beth A. Reinke, Julian D. Avery, Jessica Hua","doi":"10.1111/1365-2435.14656","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2435.14656","url":null,"abstract":"<h2>1 INTRODUCTION</h2>\u0000<p>Vision plays a central role in the ecology of many organisms, shaping the outcomes of their interactions with each other and the environment (e.g. predator–prey; host–parasite). The evolution of visual systems is impacted by variation in visual traits (e.g. coloration; Endler et al., <span>2005</span>), which can have signalling roles but which may also have <i>non-signalling functions</i> that have significant and synergistic effects (Koneru & Caro, <span>2022</span>). Importantly, animal coloration, which derives from diverse pigments and structures and is shaped by numerous biotic and abiotic factors, occurs in both integumentary structures (i.e. skin, fur, feathers, beaks, scales and shells), and non-integumentary structures (i.e. inner organs and blood; Hill & McGraw, <span>2006</span>). Because integumentary structures are the component that interacts directly with the environment, this is the tissue that is most likely to have an impact on the evolution of visual systems and is thus the focus of this perspective. To date, substantial progress has been made on our understanding of how organisms detect visual cues including the precise estimations of colour vision and visual capabilities (e.g. Maia et al., <span>2019</span>; van den Berg et al., <span>2020</span>; Vorobyev & Osorio, <span>1998</span>) and how specific visual systems may be influenced by their environments (e.g. Endler, <span>1992</span>; Härer et al., <span>2018</span>; Leal & Fleishman, <span>2002</span>). However, given the range of pigmented integumentary tissues that occur in nature (Figure 1), there is still much to learn about the non-visual functional significance of these pigments and how they may subsequently influence visual systems, particularly as global change alters selective landscapes (Koneru & Caro, <span>2022</span>; Rojas, <span>2016</span>).</p>\u0000<figure><picture>\u0000<source media=\"(min-width: 1650px)\" srcset=\"/cms/asset/94a9c412-9249-4738-af22-4d7536a95a5b/fec14656-fig-0001-m.jpg\"/><img alt=\"Details are in the caption following the image\" data-lg-src=\"/cms/asset/94a9c412-9249-4738-af22-4d7536a95a5b/fec14656-fig-0001-m.jpg\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"/cms/asset/8f3c678a-dc9e-4d42-a7f2-aa2c9bbe2ad9/fec14656-fig-0001-m.png\" title=\"Details are in the caption following the image\"/></picture><figcaption>\u0000<div><strong>FIGURE 1<span style=\"font-weight:normal\"></span></strong><div>Open in figure viewer<i aria-hidden=\"true\"></i><span>PowerPoint</span></div>\u0000</div>\u0000<div>Pigments are used to make the wide variety of animal coloration displayed here. Pigments used for signals have to date been given the most attention for the likely impacts of global change on their display. However, many of the pigments above actually have non-visual or unknown functions. (a) The function of the low and high melanin concentrations in the, respectively, light and dark polymorphs of these timber rattlesnakes (<i>Crotalus horridus</i>) are unknown. (","PeriodicalId":172,"journal":{"name":"Functional Ecology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2024-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142256507","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
<h2>1 INTRODUCTION</h2> <p>Anthropogenic climate change in the Amazon has led to a significant rise in mean air temperatures as well as the frequency, intensity and duration of heatwaves (Costa et al., <span>2022</span>; de Barros Soares et al., <span>2017</span>). These changes are concerning, as tropical plants are particularly sensitive to heatwaves (Doughty et al., <span>2023</span>; Kitudom et al., <span>2022</span>). This vulnerability may arise from tropical plants having evolved under relatively stable climate conditions that have promoted the evolution of thermal specialists (Cunningham & Read, <span>2003</span>; Janzen, <span>1967</span>; Kullberg & Feeley, <span>2022</span>; Perez et al., <span>2016</span>). Moreover, given their long lifespans and generation times, it is highly unlikely that most tropical tree species will be able to respond to climate change through evolutionary adaptation or migration to more suitable habitats (Feeley et al., <span>2023</span>; Wang et al., <span>2023</span>). It is therefore imperative to investigate the ability of individual tropical trees to acclimate to rapid changes in temperature through acclimation.</p> <p>Photosynthetic thermal tolerance may be especially pertinent for understanding the rapid acclimation of plants to extreme temperature events and is defined as a high-temperature threshold beyond which the functioning of Photosystem II—one of the more thermally sensitive components of the photosynthetic apparatus—is impaired (Berry & Björkman, <span>1980</span>). In addition, thermal tolerance has recently been associated, albeit weakly, with permanent leaf damage (Zhang et al., <span>2024</span>) and thus is a potential mechanism through which rising temperatures may lead to increased tree mortality and cause forest dieback (Doughty et al., <span>2023</span>). Importantly, photosynthetic thermal tolerance tends to be more plastic than many other leaf traits that are related to leaf temperature (e.g. morphoanatomical traits) because it is related to leaf biochemistry and gene regulation and can therefore change in response to abiotic conditions within the lifespan of a single leaf (Perez & Feeley, <span>2021</span>; Zhu et al., <span>2018</span>). Indeed, there are various mechanisms governing photosynthetic thermal tolerance (Geange et al., <span>2020</span>), including membrane content of saturated fatty acids (Zhu et al., <span>2018</span>), heat shock protein expression and content (Barua & Heckathorn, <span>2006</span>; Chen et al., <span>2018</span>), production of zeaxanthin (Demmig et al., <span>1987</span>; Demmig-Adams, <span>1998</span>), synthesis of antioxidants (Gill & Tuteja, <span>2010</span>), and content of plant hormones such as abscisic acid and brassinosteroid (Li et al., <span>2021</span>). This polygenic trait plays a critical role in conferring resistance in plants to increasingly frequent and intense heatwaves (Doughty et al., <span>2023</span
{"title":"Seasonal acclimation of photosynthetic thermal tolerances in six woody tropical species along a thermal gradient","authors":"Alyssa T. Kullberg, Kenneth J. Feeley","doi":"10.1111/1365-2435.14657","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2435.14657","url":null,"abstract":"<h2>1 INTRODUCTION</h2>\u0000<p>Anthropogenic climate change in the Amazon has led to a significant rise in mean air temperatures as well as the frequency, intensity and duration of heatwaves (Costa et al., <span>2022</span>; de Barros Soares et al., <span>2017</span>). These changes are concerning, as tropical plants are particularly sensitive to heatwaves (Doughty et al., <span>2023</span>; Kitudom et al., <span>2022</span>). This vulnerability may arise from tropical plants having evolved under relatively stable climate conditions that have promoted the evolution of thermal specialists (Cunningham & Read, <span>2003</span>; Janzen, <span>1967</span>; Kullberg & Feeley, <span>2022</span>; Perez et al., <span>2016</span>). Moreover, given their long lifespans and generation times, it is highly unlikely that most tropical tree species will be able to respond to climate change through evolutionary adaptation or migration to more suitable habitats (Feeley et al., <span>2023</span>; Wang et al., <span>2023</span>). It is therefore imperative to investigate the ability of individual tropical trees to acclimate to rapid changes in temperature through acclimation.</p>\u0000<p>Photosynthetic thermal tolerance may be especially pertinent for understanding the rapid acclimation of plants to extreme temperature events and is defined as a high-temperature threshold beyond which the functioning of Photosystem II—one of the more thermally sensitive components of the photosynthetic apparatus—is impaired (Berry & Björkman, <span>1980</span>). In addition, thermal tolerance has recently been associated, albeit weakly, with permanent leaf damage (Zhang et al., <span>2024</span>) and thus is a potential mechanism through which rising temperatures may lead to increased tree mortality and cause forest dieback (Doughty et al., <span>2023</span>). Importantly, photosynthetic thermal tolerance tends to be more plastic than many other leaf traits that are related to leaf temperature (e.g. morphoanatomical traits) because it is related to leaf biochemistry and gene regulation and can therefore change in response to abiotic conditions within the lifespan of a single leaf (Perez & Feeley, <span>2021</span>; Zhu et al., <span>2018</span>). Indeed, there are various mechanisms governing photosynthetic thermal tolerance (Geange et al., <span>2020</span>), including membrane content of saturated fatty acids (Zhu et al., <span>2018</span>), heat shock protein expression and content (Barua & Heckathorn, <span>2006</span>; Chen et al., <span>2018</span>), production of zeaxanthin (Demmig et al., <span>1987</span>; Demmig-Adams, <span>1998</span>), synthesis of antioxidants (Gill & Tuteja, <span>2010</span>), and content of plant hormones such as abscisic acid and brassinosteroid (Li et al., <span>2021</span>). This polygenic trait plays a critical role in conferring resistance in plants to increasingly frequent and intense heatwaves (Doughty et al., <span>2023</span","PeriodicalId":172,"journal":{"name":"Functional Ecology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2024-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142256509","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Host community structure can shape pathogen outbreak dynamics through a phylogenetic dilution effect","authors":"Marjolein E. M. Toorians, Isabel M. Smallegange, T. Jonathan Davies","doi":"10.1111/1365-2435.14641","DOIUrl":"10.1111/1365-2435.14641","url":null,"abstract":"<p>\u0000 \u0000 </p><p>Read the free Plain Language Summary for this article on the Journal blog.</p>","PeriodicalId":172,"journal":{"name":"Functional Ecology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2024-09-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/1365-2435.14641","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142256508","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Zijian Guo, Wenhao Miao, Yueming Lyu, Xiangping Wang
Decreasing returns in resource acquisition ability with increasing leaf mass investment is called ‘diminishing returns’, which provides important insights into plant economy. Yet, whether this is true for fine roots and how root resource acquisition strategies change with forest succession remain unclear.We investigated the scaling relationship between fine‐root length (L) and mass (M) for 215 topsoil cores from 24 plots across four successional stages in tropical forests of Xishuangbanna, southwestern China. We also assessed the relative effects of edaphic conditions, leaf functional traits, tree species diversity and soil fungal factors on L versus M scaling relationship using hierarchical variation partitioning.Our results revealed the existence of diminishing returns in root length (L vs. M scaling exponent <1), and that the exponent was higher in late‐ than early‐successional forests, corresponding to a strategy shifting from ‘do‐it‐yourself’ in the late‐successional stage to ‘outsourcing’ resource uptake by soil fungi in the early‐successional stage. Soil fungal abundance was the main driver of changes in the L versus M scaling exponent across plots (explained 58% of variances), with root endophytic fungi the strongest predictor (22.11%), followed by mycorrhizal fungi (10.41%), while other factors (leaf functional traits, edaphic nutrient conditions and tree species diversity) exerted weak effects.Our results suggest that root endophytic and mycorrhizal fungi act as key modulators of root economy changes during forest succession, but the former has received less attention previously. L versus M scaling exponent may be a better indicator for shifts in root resource acquisition strategy than the commonly used specific root length.Read the free Plain Language Summary for this article on the Journal blog.
随着叶片质量投入的增加，资源获取能力的收益会逐渐降低，这就是所谓的 "收益递减"，它为植物经济提供了重要的启示。然而，细根是否也存在这种情况，以及根系获取资源的策略如何随着森林演替而变化，目前仍不清楚。我们研究了中国西南部西双版纳热带雨林四个演替阶段 24 个地块 215 个表土核心的细根长度（L）和质量（M）之间的比例关系。我们还利用层次变异分配法评估了土壤条件、叶片功能特征、树种多样性和土壤真菌因素对长度与质量比例关系的相对影响。我们的研究结果表明，根系长度的收益递减（L vs. M比例指数<1）在晚演替森林中高于早演替森林，这与晚演替阶段的 "自己动手 "策略转变为早演替阶段土壤真菌的 "外包 "资源吸收策略相对应。土壤真菌丰度是各地块L与M比例指数变化的主要驱动因素（解释了58%的变异），其中根内生真菌是最强的预测因子（22.11%），其次是菌根真菌（10.41%），而其他因子（叶片功能特征、土壤养分条件和树种多样性）的影响较弱。我们的研究结果表明，根内生真菌和菌根真菌是森林演替过程中根系经济变化的关键调节因子，但前者以前较少受到关注。与常用的比根长度相比，L 与 M 的比例指数可能是根系资源获取策略变化的更好指标。在期刊博客上免费阅读本文的通俗摘要。
{"title":"Soil fungi lead to stronger ‘diminishing returns’ in fine‐root length versus mass allometry towards earlier successional tropical forests","authors":"Zijian Guo, Wenhao Miao, Yueming Lyu, Xiangping Wang","doi":"10.1111/1365-2435.14654","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2435.14654","url":null,"abstract":"<jats:list> <jats:list-item>Decreasing returns in resource acquisition ability with increasing leaf mass investment is called ‘diminishing returns’, which provides important insights into plant economy. Yet, whether this is true for fine roots and how root resource acquisition strategies change with forest succession remain unclear.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>We investigated the scaling relationship between fine‐root length (<jats:italic>L</jats:italic>) and mass (<jats:italic>M</jats:italic>) for 215 topsoil cores from 24 plots across four successional stages in tropical forests of Xishuangbanna, southwestern China. We also assessed the relative effects of edaphic conditions, leaf functional traits, tree species diversity and soil fungal factors on <jats:italic>L</jats:italic> versus <jats:italic>M</jats:italic> scaling relationship using hierarchical variation partitioning.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>Our results revealed the existence of diminishing returns in root length (<jats:italic>L</jats:italic> vs. <jats:italic>M</jats:italic> scaling exponent <1), and that the exponent was higher in late‐ than early‐successional forests, corresponding to a strategy shifting from ‘do‐it‐yourself’ in the late‐successional stage to ‘outsourcing’ resource uptake by soil fungi in the early‐successional stage. Soil fungal abundance was the main driver of changes in the <jats:italic>L</jats:italic> versus <jats:italic>M</jats:italic> scaling exponent across plots (explained 58% of variances), with root endophytic fungi the strongest predictor (22.11%), followed by mycorrhizal fungi (10.41%), while other factors (leaf functional traits, edaphic nutrient conditions and tree species diversity) exerted weak effects.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>Our results suggest that root endophytic and mycorrhizal fungi act as key modulators of root economy changes during forest succession, but the former has received less attention previously. <jats:italic>L</jats:italic> versus <jats:italic>M</jats:italic> scaling exponent may be a better indicator for shifts in root resource acquisition strategy than the commonly used specific root length.</jats:list-item> </jats:list>Read the free <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\" xlink:href=\"https://fesummaries.wordpress.com/2024/08/28/diminishing-returns-in-fine-root-length-economy-is-driven-by-soil-fungi-during-tropical-forest-succession/\">Plain Language Summary</jats:ext-link> for this article on the Journal blog.","PeriodicalId":172,"journal":{"name":"Functional Ecology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2024-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142181424","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Plant phosphorus (P) acquisition strategy is considered to be an intrinsic driver behind plant succession. However, variations in plant P acquisition strategies in connection to soil P fraction changes after wetland drainage remain unclear.To address this issue, here we conducted a study in six distinct wetlands that experienced long‐term (>20 years) artificial drainage, with the adjacent waterlogged wetlands as a control. We analysed plant community composition, biomass and soil P fractions, and identified three plant P acquisition strategies based on soil acid phosphatase activity, plant P resorption efficiency, and soil arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) content.We found that soil calcium‐bound P (PCa) and enzyme‐extractable P (Penzyme) were key factors influencing plant P acquisition. Soil PCa correlated negatively with acid phosphatase activity but positively with AMF content. Soil Penzyme negatively impacted P resorption efficiency. The wetlands were categorised into three types based on the change in plant richness and composition, with each exhibiting distinct plant P acquisition strategies. These changes in strategies after drainage corresponded with shifts in soil P fractions.Overall, our study highlights the role of soil P fractions in explaining plant P acquisition strategies after wetland drainage, suggesting P regulations on plant succession and ecosystem services.Read the free Plain Language Summary for this article on the Journal blog.
{"title":"Changing plant phosphorus acquisition strategies in relation to altered soil phosphorus fractions after wetland drainage","authors":"Zhenhui Jiang, Wanqing Luo, Erxiong Zhu, Yunpeng Zhao, Chengzhu Liu, Lei Zhou, Xiaojuan Feng","doi":"10.1111/1365-2435.14653","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2435.14653","url":null,"abstract":"<jats:list> <jats:list-item>Plant phosphorus (P) acquisition strategy is considered to be an intrinsic driver behind plant succession. However, variations in plant P acquisition strategies in connection to soil P fraction changes after wetland drainage remain unclear.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>To address this issue, here we conducted a study in six distinct wetlands that experienced long‐term (>20 years) artificial drainage, with the adjacent waterlogged wetlands as a control. We analysed plant community composition, biomass and soil P fractions, and identified three plant P acquisition strategies based on soil acid phosphatase activity, plant P resorption efficiency, and soil arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) content.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>We found that soil calcium‐bound P (P<jats:sub>Ca</jats:sub>) and enzyme‐extractable P (P<jats:sub>enzyme</jats:sub>) were key factors influencing plant P acquisition. Soil P<jats:sub>Ca</jats:sub> correlated negatively with acid phosphatase activity but positively with AMF content. Soil P<jats:sub>enzyme</jats:sub> negatively impacted P resorption efficiency. The wetlands were categorised into three types based on the change in plant richness and composition, with each exhibiting distinct plant P acquisition strategies. These changes in strategies after drainage corresponded with shifts in soil P fractions.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>Overall, our study highlights the role of soil P fractions in explaining plant P acquisition strategies after wetland drainage, suggesting P regulations on plant succession and ecosystem services.</jats:list-item> </jats:list>Read the free <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\" xlink:href=\"https://fesummaries.wordpress.com/2024/08/27/changing-plant-phosphorus-acquisition-strategies-in-relation-to-altered-soil-phosphorus-fractions-after-wetland-drainage/\">Plain Language Summary</jats:ext-link> for this article on the Journal blog.","PeriodicalId":172,"journal":{"name":"Functional Ecology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2024-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142181425","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sarah F. Worsley, Elin Videvall, Xavier A. Harrison, Johannes R. Björk, Florent Mazel, Klara M. Wanelik
Host‐associated microbiomes are thought to play a key role in host physiology and fitness, but this conclusion mainly derives from systems biased towards animal models and humans.While many studies on non‐model and wild animals have characterised the taxonomic diversity of their microbiomes, few have investigated the functional potential of these microbial communities.Functional ‘omics’ approaches, such as metagenomics, metatranscriptomics and metabolomics, represent promising techniques to probe the significance of host‐associated microbiomes in the wild.In this review, we propose to (1) briefly define the main available functional omics tools along with their strengths and limitations, (2) summarise the key advances enabled by omics tools to understand microbiome function in human and animal models, (3) showcase examples of how these methods have already brought invaluable insights into wild host microbiomes and (4) provide guidelines on how to implement these tools to address outstanding questions in the field of wild animal microbiomes.To conclude, we suggest that, building on knowledge derived from cheaper, more traditional approaches (e.g. 16S metabarcoding and qPCR), functional omics tools represent a promising approach to test hypotheses regarding the ecological and evolutionary significance of the resident microbiota in wild animals.Read the free Plain Language Summary for this article on the Journal blog.
{"title":"Probing the functional significance of wild animal microbiomes using omics data","authors":"Sarah F. Worsley, Elin Videvall, Xavier A. Harrison, Johannes R. Björk, Florent Mazel, Klara M. Wanelik","doi":"10.1111/1365-2435.14650","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2435.14650","url":null,"abstract":"<jats:list> <jats:list-item>Host‐associated microbiomes are thought to play a key role in host physiology and fitness, but this conclusion mainly derives from systems biased towards animal models and humans.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>While many studies on non‐model and wild animals have characterised the taxonomic diversity of their microbiomes, few have investigated the functional potential of these microbial communities.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>Functional ‘omics’ approaches, such as metagenomics, metatranscriptomics and metabolomics, represent promising techniques to probe the significance of host‐associated microbiomes in the wild.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>In this review, we propose to (1) briefly define the main available functional omics tools along with their strengths and limitations, (2) summarise the key advances enabled by omics tools to understand microbiome function in human and animal models, (3) showcase examples of how these methods have already brought invaluable insights into wild host microbiomes and (4) provide guidelines on how to implement these tools to address outstanding questions in the field of wild animal microbiomes.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>To conclude, we suggest that, building on knowledge derived from cheaper, more traditional approaches (e.g. 16S metabarcoding and qPCR), functional omics tools represent a promising approach to test hypotheses regarding the ecological and evolutionary significance of the resident microbiota in wild animals.</jats:list-item> </jats:list>Read the free <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\" xlink:href=\"https://fesummaries.wordpress.com/2024/08/22/assessing-microbiome-function-in-wild-animals/\">Plain Language Summary</jats:ext-link> for this article on the Journal blog.","PeriodicalId":172,"journal":{"name":"Functional Ecology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2024-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142181458","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Higher phosphorus and water use efficiencies and leaf stoichiometry contribute to legume success in drylands","authors":"Delia M. Acuña-Acosta, Alejandro E. Castellanos, José M. Llano-Sotelo, Jordi Sardans, Josep Peñuelas, José R. Romo-Leon, George W. Koch","doi":"10.1111/1365-2435.14648","DOIUrl":"10.1111/1365-2435.14648","url":null,"abstract":"<p>\u0000 \u0000 </p><p>Read the free Plain Language Summary for this article on the Journal blog.</p>","PeriodicalId":172,"journal":{"name":"Functional Ecology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2024-09-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/1365-2435.14648","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142181378","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Matilda L. Andersson, Kristin Scharnweber, Peter Eklöv
Variations in the size and shape of the eye have been observed in many species of fish. As eye size is positively related to visual acuity, larger eyes should favour foraging and detection of predators.However, few studies have examined the variation in eye morphology in relation to the complexity of lake conditions, including environmental perturbation and spatial variation in predation and competition. Such tests are especially important as the degrading of the visual climate is expected due to climate change, where browning, turbidity and variations in structural complexity should set different demands for visual acuity of foraging fish under predation risk.In this study, we tested the variation of the eye size among 667 individuals of an aquatic predator perch, Perca fluviatilis, from littoral and pelagic habitats of 14 lakes. We used Secchi depth to assess the effects of the visual climate of our lake systems, as fish foraging is highly related to visual conditions, and studied eye size variation in relation to the contribution of the pelagic resources to an individual's diet and the risk of predation.Secchi depth, the pelagic contribution to the diet and the percentage of piscivores had significant effects on eye size.These variable outcomes suggest that the lake environment in terms of visual climate, predation landscape and diet are major factors of eye size variation in this generalist predator. As many fish species trade off foraging against predation risk, future studies will show whether the complexity of intra‐ and interspecific interactions contribute to the variation in eye size in freshwater fish.Read the free Plain Language Summary for this article on the Journal blog.
{"title":"Environmental and ecological drivers of eye size variation in a freshwater predator: A trade‐off between foraging and predation risk","authors":"Matilda L. Andersson, Kristin Scharnweber, Peter Eklöv","doi":"10.1111/1365-2435.14655","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2435.14655","url":null,"abstract":"<jats:list> <jats:list-item>Variations in the size and shape of the eye have been observed in many species of fish. As eye size is positively related to visual acuity, larger eyes should favour foraging and detection of predators.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>However, few studies have examined the variation in eye morphology in relation to the complexity of lake conditions, including environmental perturbation and spatial variation in predation and competition. Such tests are especially important as the degrading of the visual climate is expected due to climate change, where browning, turbidity and variations in structural complexity should set different demands for visual acuity of foraging fish under predation risk.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>In this study, we tested the variation of the eye size among 667 individuals of an aquatic predator perch, <jats:italic>Perca fluviatilis</jats:italic>, from littoral and pelagic habitats of 14 lakes. We used Secchi depth to assess the effects of the visual climate of our lake systems, as fish foraging is highly related to visual conditions, and studied eye size variation in relation to the contribution of the pelagic resources to an individual's diet and the risk of predation.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>Secchi depth, the pelagic contribution to the diet and the percentage of piscivores had significant effects on eye size.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>These variable outcomes suggest that the lake environment in terms of visual climate, predation landscape and diet are major factors of eye size variation in this generalist predator. As many fish species trade off foraging against predation risk, future studies will show whether the complexity of intra‐ and interspecific interactions contribute to the variation in eye size in freshwater fish.</jats:list-item> </jats:list>Read the free <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\" xlink:href=\"https://fesummaries.wordpress.com/2024/08/28/predators-and-water-visibility-can-change-the-size-of-the-eye-in-a-freshwater-fish/\">Plain Language Summary</jats:ext-link> for this article on the Journal blog.","PeriodicalId":172,"journal":{"name":"Functional Ecology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2024-09-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142223785","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Greta La Bella, Alicia T. R. Acosta, Tommaso Jucker, Alessandro Bricca, Daniela Ciccarelli, Angela Stanisci, Melania Migliore, Marta Carboni
Understanding the relationship between biodiversity and ecosystem functioning (BEF) is crucial to predicting the consequences of ongoing global biodiversity loss. However, what drives BEF relationships in natural ecosystems under globally changing conditions remains poorly understood.To address this knowledge gap, we applied a trait‐based approach to data from coastal dune plant communities distributed along a natural environmental stress gradient. Specifically, we compared the relative importance of below‐ground and above‐ground traits in predicting productivity, decomposition, water regulation, carbon stock and nutrient pools, and tested how these BEF relationships were modulated by environmental stress and the presence of rare species that are typically excluded from experimental systems.Below‐ground traits were just as important as above‐ground traits in driving ecosystem functioning. Moreover, despite having low abundances, rare species positively influenced ecosystem multifunctionality (EMF). However, most biodiversity effects became weaker as environmental stress increased.Our study shows that to understand variation in ecosystem functioning we must consider below‐ground traits as much as above‐ground ones. Moreover, it highlights the importance of conserving rare species for maintaining EMF. However, our findings also suggest that rapid global change could dampen the positive effects of diversity on ecosystem functioning.Read the free Plain Language Summary for this article on the Journal blog.
{"title":"Below‐ground traits, rare species and environmental stress regulate the biodiversity–ecosystem function relationship","authors":"Greta La Bella, Alicia T. R. Acosta, Tommaso Jucker, Alessandro Bricca, Daniela Ciccarelli, Angela Stanisci, Melania Migliore, Marta Carboni","doi":"10.1111/1365-2435.14649","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2435.14649","url":null,"abstract":"<jats:list> <jats:list-item>Understanding the relationship between biodiversity and ecosystem functioning (BEF) is crucial to predicting the consequences of ongoing global biodiversity loss. However, what drives BEF relationships in natural ecosystems under globally changing conditions remains poorly understood.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>To address this knowledge gap, we applied a trait‐based approach to data from coastal dune plant communities distributed along a natural environmental stress gradient. Specifically, we compared the relative importance of below‐ground and above‐ground traits in predicting productivity, decomposition, water regulation, carbon stock and nutrient pools, and tested how these BEF relationships were modulated by environmental stress and the presence of rare species that are typically excluded from experimental systems.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>Below‐ground traits were just as important as above‐ground traits in driving ecosystem functioning. Moreover, despite having low abundances, rare species positively influenced ecosystem multifunctionality (EMF). However, most biodiversity effects became weaker as environmental stress increased.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>Our study shows that to understand variation in ecosystem functioning we must consider below‐ground traits as much as above‐ground ones. Moreover, it highlights the importance of conserving rare species for maintaining EMF. However, our findings also suggest that rapid global change could dampen the positive effects of diversity on ecosystem functioning.</jats:list-item> </jats:list>Read the free <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\" xlink:href=\"https://fesummaries.wordpress.com/2024/08/21/how-roots-rare-species-and-environmental-stress-regulate-the-biodiversity-ecosystem-function-bef-relationship/\">Plain Language Summary</jats:ext-link> for this article on the Journal blog.","PeriodicalId":172,"journal":{"name":"Functional Ecology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2024-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142181379","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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