An upscaling model for simulation of geothermal processes in stratified formations

In stratified porous media, non-uniform velocity between layers combined with thermal conduction across layers causes spreading of the thermal front: thermal Taylor dispersion. Conventional upscaling not accounting for this heterogeneity within simulation grid blocks underestimates thermal dispersion, leading to overestimation of thermal breakthrough time. We derive a model for effective longitudinal thermal diffusivity in the direction of flow, α_eff, to represent the effective thermal dispersion in two-layer media. α_eff, accounting for thermal Taylor dispersion, is much greater than the thermal diffusivity of the rock itself. We define a dimensionless number, N_TC, a ratio of times for longitudinal convection to transverse conduction, as an indicator of transverse thermal equilibration of the system during cold- or hot-water injection. For N_TC > 5, thermal dispersion in the two-layer system closely approximates a single layer with α_eff. This suggests a two-layer medium satisfying N_TC > 5 can be combined into a single layer with an effective longitudinal thermal diffusivity α_eff. In application to a geothermal reservoir, one can apply the model to perform upscaling in stages, i.e. combining two layers satisfying the N_TC criterion in each stage. The α_eff model accounting for the fine-scale heterogeneity within simulation grid blocks would enhance the prediction accuracy of thermal breakthrough time and thus thermal lifetime.