Comprehensive aging model coupling chemical and mechanical degradation mechanisms for NCM/C6-Si lithium-ion batteries

The aging of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) is synergistically influenced by multiple chemical/mechanical degradation mechanisms. Therefore, conventional models that incorporate only partial mechanisms exhibit limited predictive accuracy and applicability, failing to fully reflect the effects of chemical/mechanical degradation under complex operating conditions. Here, we propose an aging model for NCM/C₆-Si LIBs coupled with comprehensive chemical/mechanical degradation mechanisms. The model includes chemical mechanisms at the C₆-Si anode solid electrolyte interface (SEI), Li plating, and NCM cathode electrolyte interface (CEI), as well as mechanical mechanisms of loss of active material (LAM) for C₆, Si, and NCM. Based on this model, we comprehensively investigate the effect of capacity loss by (dis)charge rates and ambient temperatures, obtaining the aging characteristics and the contribution of each mechanism to loss under different variables. Furthermore, we quantitatively analyze the sensitivity and response characteristics of the degradation sub-mechanism to (dis)charge rate and temperature. This study introduces an advanced aging analysis model for NCM/C₆-Si LIBs, which can effectively decouple the operational characteristics of the degradation mechanism and provide guidance for developing next-generation high-energy LIBs.