Enhancing freeze–thaw tolerance in baker's yeast: strategies and perspectives

Frozen dough technology is important in modern bakery operations, facilitating the transportation of dough at low temperatures to downstream sales points. However, the freeze–thaw process imposes significant stress on baker's yeast, resulting in diminished viability and fermentation capacity. Understanding the mechanisms underlying freeze–thaw stress is essential for mitigating its adverse effects on yeast performance. This review delves into the intricate mechanisms underlying freeze–thaw stress, focusing specifically on Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the primary yeast used in baking, and presents a wide range of biotechnological approaches to enhance freeze–thaw resistance in S. cerevisiae. Strategies include manipulating intracellular metabolites, altering membrane composition, managing antioxidant defenses, mediating aquaporin expression, and employing adaptive evolutionary and breeding techniques. Addressing challenges and strategies associated with freeze–thaw stress, this review provides valuable insights for future research endeavors, aiming to enhance the freeze–thaw tolerance of baker's yeast and contribute to the advancement of bakery science.