利用过渡电流模拟量子光学现象

IF 11.9 1区 物理与天体物理 Q1 PHYSICS, APPLIED Applied physics reviews Pub Date : 2024-07-09 DOI:10.1063/5.0156353
Aviv Karnieli, Nicholas Rivera, Valerio Di Giulio, Ady Arie, F. Javier García de Abajo, Ido Kaminer
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引用次数: 0

摘要

自发光辐射是众多物理系统的核心,也是光物质相互作用理论的基础支柱。在存在复杂光子介质的情况下,描述自发光发射通常需要先进的量子光学理论工具,如涉及量子化电磁场的宏观量子电动力学。尽管这些模型严谨而全面,但其复杂性会模糊对许多量子光学现象的直观理解。在这里,我们回顾了一种计算自发辐射和其他量子光过程的方法,该方法无需明确使用量子化电磁场。取而代之的是,我们引入了过渡电流的概念,它由物质中在初始量子态和最终量子态之间发生转换的电荷组成。我们展示了如何通过将这些过渡电流作为源馈入经典麦克斯韦方程来重现通常需要量子电动力学或量子光学高级方法才能实现的预测。然后,我们就可以从得到的经典场振幅中获得相关的量子观测值,而无需剔除量子光学效应。我们的研究表明,即使超越偶极近似和单发射极,这一过程也能直接描述量子现象。作为示例,我们计算了束缚电子和自由电子系统的发射模式和珀塞尔增强发射率。对于后者,我们推导出了与纳米结构样品相互作用的自由电子的阴极发光发射和能量损失概率。此外,我们还计算了束缚电子系统中的量子跃迁现象和自由电子系统中依赖波函数的光学相干性。值得注意的是,过渡电流形式主义捕捉到了更复杂的现象,如结合电子和自由电子系统的多体干涉效应和超辐射、双光子发射等二阶过程以及自由电子辐射的量子反冲修正。我们回顾了从电子显微镜到纳米光子学和量子光学等领域中的各种光物质相互作用,过渡电流理论形式主义有助于这些领域的实际模拟和对新型应用的深入理解。
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Modeling quantum optical phenomena using transition currents
Spontaneous light emission is central to a vast range of physical systems and is a founding pillar for the theory of light–matter interactions. In the presence of complex photonic media, the description of spontaneous light emission usually requires advanced theoretical quantum optics tools such as macroscopic quantum electrodynamics, involving quantized electromagnetic fields. Although rigorous and comprehensive, the complexity of such models can obscure the intuitive understanding of many quantum-optical phenomena. Here, we review a method for calculating spontaneous emission and other quantum-optical processes without making explicit use of quantized electromagnetic fields. Instead, we introduce the concept of transition currents, comprising charges in matter that undergo transitions between initial and final quantum states. We show how predictions that usually demand advanced methods in quantum electrodynamics or quantum optics can be reproduced by feeding these transition currents as sources to the classical Maxwell equations. One then obtains the relevant quantum observables from the resulting classical field amplitudes, without washing out quantum optical effects. We show that this procedure allows for a straightforward description of quantum phenomena, even when going beyond the dipole approximation and single emitters. As illustrative examples, we calculate emission patterns and Purcell-enhanced emission rates in both bound-electron and free-electron systems. For the latter, we derive cathodoluminescence emission and energy-loss probabilities of free electrons interacting with nanostructured samples. In addition, we calculate quantum-beat phenomena in bound-electron systems and wave function-dependent optical coherence in free-electron systems. Remarkably, the transition-current formalism captures more complex phenomena, such as many-body interference effects and super-radiance of both bound- and free-electron systems, second-order processes such as two-photon emission, and quantum recoil corrections to free-electron radiation. We review a variety of light–matter interactions in fields ranging from electron microscopy to nanophotonics and quantum optics, for which the transition-current theoretical formalism facilitates practical simulations and a deeper understanding of novel applications.
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来源期刊
Applied physics reviews
Applied physics reviews PHYSICS, APPLIED-
CiteScore
22.50
自引率
2.00%
发文量
113
审稿时长
2 months
期刊介绍: Applied Physics Reviews (APR) is a journal featuring articles on critical topics in experimental or theoretical research in applied physics and applications of physics to other scientific and engineering branches. The publication includes two main types of articles: Original Research: These articles report on high-quality, novel research studies that are of significant interest to the applied physics community. Reviews: Review articles in APR can either be authoritative and comprehensive assessments of established areas of applied physics or short, timely reviews of recent advances in established fields or emerging areas of applied physics.
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