Amrito Bhattacharjee, Hongbo Jiang, Lu Hua Li, Shaoming Huang, Ying Ian Chen, Qiran Cai
The rapid progress of high-performance microelectronic devices underscores the urgent necessity to develop materials possessing superior thermal conductivity for effectively dissipating heat in cutting-edge electronics. Boron nitride nanosheets (BNNSs) have garnered significant attention due to their exceptional thermal conductivity, combined with electrical insulation and low thermal expansion coefficient, offering a promising solution to heat-related challenges in electronic devices. While BNNSs share some common thermal behaviors with other two-dimensional (2D) materials, they also exhibit unique characteristics. For instance, BNNSs exhibit larger isotope disorders compared to graphene, yet their isotope enhancement in thermal conductivity is lower than that of their carbon counterpart. This review provides an overview of the thermal transport properties and mechanisms of BNNSs explored over the past decade, beginning with a brief introduction to the basic of thermal conductivity. It then delves into the thermal transport mechanisms in BNNSs, highlighting factors impacting the in-plane thermal conductivity of BNNSs, as well as the cross-plane thermal conductivity and the factors influencing it. Finally, the review discusses challenges associated with BNNS thermal conductivity measurement and outlines potential future research avenues.
{"title":"Thermal transport property of boron nitride nanosheets","authors":"Amrito Bhattacharjee, Hongbo Jiang, Lu Hua Li, Shaoming Huang, Ying Ian Chen, Qiran Cai","doi":"10.1063/5.0213741","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0213741","url":null,"abstract":"The rapid progress of high-performance microelectronic devices underscores the urgent necessity to develop materials possessing superior thermal conductivity for effectively dissipating heat in cutting-edge electronics. Boron nitride nanosheets (BNNSs) have garnered significant attention due to their exceptional thermal conductivity, combined with electrical insulation and low thermal expansion coefficient, offering a promising solution to heat-related challenges in electronic devices. While BNNSs share some common thermal behaviors with other two-dimensional (2D) materials, they also exhibit unique characteristics. For instance, BNNSs exhibit larger isotope disorders compared to graphene, yet their isotope enhancement in thermal conductivity is lower than that of their carbon counterpart. This review provides an overview of the thermal transport properties and mechanisms of BNNSs explored over the past decade, beginning with a brief introduction to the basic of thermal conductivity. It then delves into the thermal transport mechanisms in BNNSs, highlighting factors impacting the in-plane thermal conductivity of BNNSs, as well as the cross-plane thermal conductivity and the factors influencing it. Finally, the review discusses challenges associated with BNNS thermal conductivity measurement and outlines potential future research avenues.","PeriodicalId":8200,"journal":{"name":"Applied physics reviews","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":15.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142637515","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The early detection of tumors and precancerous conditions is vital for cancer diagnosis. Advances in fluorescence microscopic techniques and materials synthesis processes have revolutionized biomarker detection and image-guided cancer surveillance. In particular, novel materials-based diagnostic tools and innovative therapies have facilitated a precise understanding of biological processes at the molecular level. This critical review presents an overview of bioimaging probes, including functionalized chromophoric systems, non-functionalized chromophoric systems, and nanoscale biosensors. Technical challenges and future directions related to these approaches are considered.
{"title":"Probes for noninvasive biological visualization and biosensing of cancer cells","authors":"Sachin Kadian, Shubhangi Shukla, Roger J. Narayan","doi":"10.1063/5.0166740","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0166740","url":null,"abstract":"The early detection of tumors and precancerous conditions is vital for cancer diagnosis. Advances in fluorescence microscopic techniques and materials synthesis processes have revolutionized biomarker detection and image-guided cancer surveillance. In particular, novel materials-based diagnostic tools and innovative therapies have facilitated a precise understanding of biological processes at the molecular level. This critical review presents an overview of bioimaging probes, including functionalized chromophoric systems, non-functionalized chromophoric systems, and nanoscale biosensors. Technical challenges and future directions related to these approaches are considered.","PeriodicalId":8200,"journal":{"name":"Applied physics reviews","volume":"21 12","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":15.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71524360","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Peter Francis Mathew Elango, Shanmuga Sundar Dhanabalan, Md Rokunuzzaman Robel, Sherly Pushpam Elango, Sumeet Walia, Sharath Sriram, Madhu Bhaskaran
Wearable electronic devices, particularly for health monitoring, have seen rapid advancements in recent times. Among the various biophysical parameters that are of interest in a wearable device, an electrocardiogram (ECG) is critical as it enables detection of cardiovascular-related ailments and assessment of overall cardiac health. In a wearable ECG device, the choice of electrode design and material plays a key role in the performance of the sensor. In this work, we have explored various dry electrode-based sensor design geometries to realize a compact, lightweight, portable, gel-free wearable ECG patch that would aid in point-of-care (PoC) diagnostics. Furthermore, we have studied the influence of the region of the body at which the measurements were made under different body positions across varying external stimuli. We have studied the influence of surface area, perimeter and resistance offered by the electrodes on the ECG signal acquisition, its effects on device performance and found the hexagonal labyrinth configuration to be the most suitable candidate. A prototype of a wearable ECG patch was made by combining this electrode configuration and interfacing with wireless communication capabilities, and the results were compared with a commercially available portable ECG monitor. Such a device could find potential application in remote healthcare and ambulatory care settings, and as a PoC and a preventive medical device.
{"title":"Dry electrode geometry optimization for wearable ECG devices","authors":"Peter Francis Mathew Elango, Shanmuga Sundar Dhanabalan, Md Rokunuzzaman Robel, Sherly Pushpam Elango, Sumeet Walia, Sharath Sriram, Madhu Bhaskaran","doi":"10.1063/5.0152554","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0152554","url":null,"abstract":"Wearable electronic devices, particularly for health monitoring, have seen rapid advancements in recent times. Among the various biophysical parameters that are of interest in a wearable device, an electrocardiogram (ECG) is critical as it enables detection of cardiovascular-related ailments and assessment of overall cardiac health. In a wearable ECG device, the choice of electrode design and material plays a key role in the performance of the sensor. In this work, we have explored various dry electrode-based sensor design geometries to realize a compact, lightweight, portable, gel-free wearable ECG patch that would aid in point-of-care (PoC) diagnostics. Furthermore, we have studied the influence of the region of the body at which the measurements were made under different body positions across varying external stimuli. We have studied the influence of surface area, perimeter and resistance offered by the electrodes on the ECG signal acquisition, its effects on device performance and found the hexagonal labyrinth configuration to be the most suitable candidate. A prototype of a wearable ECG patch was made by combining this electrode configuration and interfacing with wireless communication capabilities, and the results were compared with a commercially available portable ECG monitor. Such a device could find potential application in remote healthcare and ambulatory care settings, and as a PoC and a preventive medical device.","PeriodicalId":8200,"journal":{"name":"Applied physics reviews","volume":"3 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":15.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71417487","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ji Zhou, Wenbing Gong, Xiaodong Meng, Jiawen Zhang, Xueqin Zhou, Shang Chen, Christopher W. Bielawski, Jianxin Geng
The widespread use of lithium–sulfur (Li–S) batteries is hindered by slow cathode kinetics, the shuttle effect, and dendrite growth on the anode. We show that these challenges can be overcome by replacing a linear ether (i.e., 1,2-dimethoxyethane) in commonly used electrolytes with a macrocyclic amine, 1,4,7,10-tetramethyl-1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane (TMTAC). Theoretical studies and experimental data indicate that the cavity of TMTAC matches a Li ion to form a robust solvation structure. Such a solvation structure not only leads to 3D deposition of Li2S on the cathode, which is responsible to the reduced overpotentials of Li2S nucleation and decomposition, but also suppresses Li dendrite growth on the anode. Moreover, the shuttle effect of polysulfides is effectively suppressed as the quantity of free TMTAC in the TMTAC-based electrolyte is substantially reduced. As a result, coin-type cells prepared with TMTAC-based electrolytes exhibit outstanding performance metrics for all key device parameters. Furthermore, pouch-type cells can be prepared with high sulfur loadings (e.g., 3.43 mg cm−2) and a low electrolyte to sulfur ratio (e.g., 6.16 μl mg−1) while maintaining a high areal specific capacity (3.38 mA h cm−2). This work demonstrates that the effective solvation of critical ions in energy storage devices is paramount to achieving peak performance.
锂硫（Li–S）电池的广泛使用受到缓慢的阴极动力学、穿梭效应和阳极枝晶生长的阻碍。我们表明，可以通过用大环胺1，4，7，10-四甲基-1，4，7,10-四氮杂环十二烷（TMTAC）取代常用电解质中的线性醚（即1，2-二甲氧基乙烷）来克服这些挑战。理论研究和实验数据表明，TMTAC的空腔与Li离子匹配，形成了坚固的溶剂化结构。这种溶剂化结构不仅导致Li2S在阴极上的3D沉积，这是Li2S成核和分解的过电位降低的原因，而且抑制了Li在阳极上的枝晶生长。此外，随着TMTAC基电解质中游离TMTAC的量显著减少，多硫化物的穿梭效应被有效抑制。因此，用基于TMTAC的电解质制备的硬币型电池在所有关键器件参数方面都表现出出色的性能指标。此外，可以制备具有高硫负载量（例如3.43 mg cm−2）和低电解质硫比（例如6.16μl mg−1）的袋型电池，同时保持高面积比容量（3.38 mA h cm−2。这项工作表明，储能设备中关键离子的有效溶剂化对于实现峰值性能至关重要。
{"title":"A macrocyclic amine-based electrolyte for lithium–sulfur batteries: Li ion encapsulation regulates electrode performance","authors":"Ji Zhou, Wenbing Gong, Xiaodong Meng, Jiawen Zhang, Xueqin Zhou, Shang Chen, Christopher W. Bielawski, Jianxin Geng","doi":"10.1063/5.0159107","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0159107","url":null,"abstract":"The widespread use of lithium–sulfur (Li–S) batteries is hindered by slow cathode kinetics, the shuttle effect, and dendrite growth on the anode. We show that these challenges can be overcome by replacing a linear ether (i.e., 1,2-dimethoxyethane) in commonly used electrolytes with a macrocyclic amine, 1,4,7,10-tetramethyl-1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane (TMTAC). Theoretical studies and experimental data indicate that the cavity of TMTAC matches a Li ion to form a robust solvation structure. Such a solvation structure not only leads to 3D deposition of Li2S on the cathode, which is responsible to the reduced overpotentials of Li2S nucleation and decomposition, but also suppresses Li dendrite growth on the anode. Moreover, the shuttle effect of polysulfides is effectively suppressed as the quantity of free TMTAC in the TMTAC-based electrolyte is substantially reduced. As a result, coin-type cells prepared with TMTAC-based electrolytes exhibit outstanding performance metrics for all key device parameters. Furthermore, pouch-type cells can be prepared with high sulfur loadings (e.g., 3.43 mg cm−2) and a low electrolyte to sulfur ratio (e.g., 6.16 μl mg−1) while maintaining a high areal specific capacity (3.38 mA h cm−2). This work demonstrates that the effective solvation of critical ions in energy storage devices is paramount to achieving peak performance.","PeriodicalId":8200,"journal":{"name":"Applied physics reviews","volume":"86 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":15.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71435511","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ian Buchanan, Silvia Cipiccia, Carlo Peiffer, Carlos Navarrete-León, Alberto Astolfo, Tom Partridge, Michela Esposito, Luca Fardin, Alberto Bravin, Charlotte K Hagen, Marco Endrizzi, Peter RT Munro, David Bate, Alessandro Olivo
X-ray dark-field or ultra-small angle scatter imaging has become increasingly important since the introduction of phase-based x-ray imaging and is having transformative impact in fields such as in vivo lung imaging and explosives detection. Here, we show that dark-field images acquired with the edge-illumination method (either in its traditional double mask or simplified single mask implementation) provide a direct measurement of the scattering function, which is unaffected by system-specific parameters such as the autocorrelation length. We show that this is a consequence both of the specific measurement setup and of the mathematical approach followed to retrieve the dark-field images. We show agreement with theoretical models for datasets acquired both with synchrotron and laboratory x-ray sources. We also introduce a new contrast mechanism, the variance of refraction, which is extracted from the same dataset and provides a direct link with the size of the scattering centers. We show that this can also be described by the same theoretical models. We study the behavior of both signals vs key parameters such as x-ray energy and scatterer radius. We find this allows quantitative and direct scattering measurements during imaging, with implications in all fields where dark-field imaging is used.
{"title":"Direct x-ray scattering signal measurements in edge-illumination/beam-tracking imaging and their interplay with the variance of the refraction signals","authors":"Ian Buchanan, Silvia Cipiccia, Carlo Peiffer, Carlos Navarrete-León, Alberto Astolfo, Tom Partridge, Michela Esposito, Luca Fardin, Alberto Bravin, Charlotte K Hagen, Marco Endrizzi, Peter RT Munro, David Bate, Alessandro Olivo","doi":"10.1063/5.0168049","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0168049","url":null,"abstract":"X-ray dark-field or ultra-small angle scatter imaging has become increasingly important since the introduction of phase-based x-ray imaging and is having transformative impact in fields such as in vivo lung imaging and explosives detection. Here, we show that dark-field images acquired with the edge-illumination method (either in its traditional double mask or simplified single mask implementation) provide a direct measurement of the scattering function, which is unaffected by system-specific parameters such as the autocorrelation length. We show that this is a consequence both of the specific measurement setup and of the mathematical approach followed to retrieve the dark-field images. We show agreement with theoretical models for datasets acquired both with synchrotron and laboratory x-ray sources. We also introduce a new contrast mechanism, the variance of refraction, which is extracted from the same dataset and provides a direct link with the size of the scattering centers. We show that this can also be described by the same theoretical models. We study the behavior of both signals vs key parameters such as x-ray energy and scatterer radius. We find this allows quantitative and direct scattering measurements during imaging, with implications in all fields where dark-field imaging is used.","PeriodicalId":8200,"journal":{"name":"Applied physics reviews","volume":"15 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":15.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71417093","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Daniel Wines, Ramya Gurunathan, Kevin F. Garrity, Brian DeCost, Adam J. Biacchi, Francesca Tavazza, Kamal Choudhary
The joint automated repository for various integrated simulations (JARVIS) infrastructure at the National Institute of Standards and Technology is a large-scale collection of curated datasets and tools with more than 80 000 materials and millions of properties. JARVIS uses a combination of electronic structure, artificial intelligence, advanced computation, and experimental methods to accelerate materials design. Here, we report some of the new features that were recently included in the infrastructure, such as (1) doubling the number of materials in the database since its first release, (2) including more accurate electronic structure methods such as quantum Monte Carlo, (3) including graph neural network-based materials design, (4) development of unified force-field, (5) development of a universal tight-binding model, (6) addition of computer-vision tools for advanced microscopy applications, (7) development of a natural language processing tool for text-generation and analysis, (8) debuting a large-scale benchmarking endeavor, (9) including quantum computing algorithms for solids, (10) integrating several experimental datasets, and (11) staging several community engagement and outreach events. New classes of materials, properties, and workflows added to the database include superconductors, two-dimensional (2D) magnets, magnetic topological materials, metal-organic frameworks, defects, and interface systems. The rich and reliable datasets, tools, documentation, and tutorials make JARVIS a unique platform for modern materials design. JARVIS ensures the openness of data and tools to enhance reproducibility and transparency and to promote a healthy and collaborative scientific environment.
{"title":"Recent progress in the JARVIS infrastructure for next-generation data-driven materials design","authors":"Daniel Wines, Ramya Gurunathan, Kevin F. Garrity, Brian DeCost, Adam J. Biacchi, Francesca Tavazza, Kamal Choudhary","doi":"10.1063/5.0159299","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0159299","url":null,"abstract":"The joint automated repository for various integrated simulations (JARVIS) infrastructure at the National Institute of Standards and Technology is a large-scale collection of curated datasets and tools with more than 80 000 materials and millions of properties. JARVIS uses a combination of electronic structure, artificial intelligence, advanced computation, and experimental methods to accelerate materials design. Here, we report some of the new features that were recently included in the infrastructure, such as (1) doubling the number of materials in the database since its first release, (2) including more accurate electronic structure methods such as quantum Monte Carlo, (3) including graph neural network-based materials design, (4) development of unified force-field, (5) development of a universal tight-binding model, (6) addition of computer-vision tools for advanced microscopy applications, (7) development of a natural language processing tool for text-generation and analysis, (8) debuting a large-scale benchmarking endeavor, (9) including quantum computing algorithms for solids, (10) integrating several experimental datasets, and (11) staging several community engagement and outreach events. New classes of materials, properties, and workflows added to the database include superconductors, two-dimensional (2D) magnets, magnetic topological materials, metal-organic frameworks, defects, and interface systems. The rich and reliable datasets, tools, documentation, and tutorials make JARVIS a unique platform for modern materials design. JARVIS ensures the openness of data and tools to enhance reproducibility and transparency and to promote a healthy and collaborative scientific environment.","PeriodicalId":8200,"journal":{"name":"Applied physics reviews","volume":"10 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":15.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"50165151","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Weijun Ren, Shuang Lu, Cuiqian Yu, Jia He, Zhongwei Zhang, Jie Chen, Gang Zhang
Moiré superlattices and their interlayer interactions in van der Waals heterostructures have received surging attention for manipulating the properties of quantum materials. In this work, based on non-equilibrium molecular dynamics simulations, we find that the in-plane thermal conductivity of graphene/hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) moiré superlattices decreases monotonically with the increase in the interlayer rotation angle within the small twisting range. The atomic stress amplitude exhibits the periodic distribution corresponding to a structural moiré pattern. Through the in-depth analysis at the atomic level, a competing mechanism between the magnitude and the directional change of the in-plane heat flow has been revealed, and the dominant role of directional change in determining the in-plane thermal conductivity of graphene/h-BN moiré superlattices at small rotation angle has also been confirmed. Finally, the monotonic decreasing trend of in-plane thermal conductivity at a small rotation angle is further explained by the reduced low-frequency phonon transmission and the blue shift of the transmission peak as the interlayer rotation angle increases. Our work provides the physical understanding of the moiré superlattice effect and a new approach for regulating the thermal conductivity of two-dimensional materials.
{"title":"Impact of moiré superlattice on atomic stress and thermal transport in van der Waals heterostructures","authors":"Weijun Ren, Shuang Lu, Cuiqian Yu, Jia He, Zhongwei Zhang, Jie Chen, Gang Zhang","doi":"10.1063/5.0159598","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0159598","url":null,"abstract":"Moiré superlattices and their interlayer interactions in van der Waals heterostructures have received surging attention for manipulating the properties of quantum materials. In this work, based on non-equilibrium molecular dynamics simulations, we find that the in-plane thermal conductivity of graphene/hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) moiré superlattices decreases monotonically with the increase in the interlayer rotation angle within the small twisting range. The atomic stress amplitude exhibits the periodic distribution corresponding to a structural moiré pattern. Through the in-depth analysis at the atomic level, a competing mechanism between the magnitude and the directional change of the in-plane heat flow has been revealed, and the dominant role of directional change in determining the in-plane thermal conductivity of graphene/h-BN moiré superlattices at small rotation angle has also been confirmed. Finally, the monotonic decreasing trend of in-plane thermal conductivity at a small rotation angle is further explained by the reduced low-frequency phonon transmission and the blue shift of the transmission peak as the interlayer rotation angle increases. Our work provides the physical understanding of the moiré superlattice effect and a new approach for regulating the thermal conductivity of two-dimensional materials.","PeriodicalId":8200,"journal":{"name":"Applied physics reviews","volume":"8 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":15.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"50165186","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Md Mobarak Hossain Polash, Alex I. Smirnov, Daryoosh Vashaee
Spin, the intrinsic angular momentum of an electron, is increasingly being recognized as a versatile tool in the development of next-generation technologies, including quantum computing, sensing, and communication, which exploit quantum phenomena. The burgeoning theoretical understanding coupled with technological advancements have catalyzed research efforts aimed at controlling and manipulating the optical, electrical, magnetic, and thermal properties of materials through the modulation of spin states. Among the myriad of techniques available for investigating these spin-dependent properties, Electron Spin Resonance (ESR), sometimes referred to as electron paramagnetic resonance, stands out as one of the most direct and potent methods to probe electron spin dynamics irrespective of the material environment. ESR furnishes insightful data on the states of individual spins and clusters, spin coherence via relaxation time measurements, and inter-spin distances from spin–spin interaction measurements. Additionally, ESR facilitates the manipulation of spin systems by tailoring the Zeeman energy through the modulation of the external magnetic field, and critically, by the remote manipulation of spins via the application of microwave pulses at resonance frequencies. Modern ESR experimental setups are versatile and can be employed across a wide temperature spectrum—from a few Kelvin, where quantum effects are pronounced, to room temperature and beyond. This adaptability enhances the utility of ESR in investigating the spin-dependent properties in condensed matter systems. Notwithstanding the tremendous potential and advantages that ESR offers, it remains underutilized, especially when compared to inelastic neutron scattering (INS) and nuclear magnetic resonance, despite the latter being more expensive and INS being less accessible. In this review, we elucidate the fundamental principles of ESR, with an emphasis on magnetic and spin interactions in solids, and explore the potential of ESR in advancing the understanding of spin properties across a diverse array of materials science disciplines. We commence with a concise introduction to spin-related physics, followed by the application of ESR in characterizing spin systems. As such, this review aims to serve as a valuable resource for a broad audience, ranging from novices to experts, who are keen on unraveling spin phenomena and dynamics in materials science and condensed matter physics.
{"title":"Electron spin resonance in emerging spin-driven applications: Fundamentals and future perspectives","authors":"Md Mobarak Hossain Polash, Alex I. Smirnov, Daryoosh Vashaee","doi":"10.1063/5.0072564","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0072564","url":null,"abstract":"Spin, the intrinsic angular momentum of an electron, is increasingly being recognized as a versatile tool in the development of next-generation technologies, including quantum computing, sensing, and communication, which exploit quantum phenomena. The burgeoning theoretical understanding coupled with technological advancements have catalyzed research efforts aimed at controlling and manipulating the optical, electrical, magnetic, and thermal properties of materials through the modulation of spin states. Among the myriad of techniques available for investigating these spin-dependent properties, Electron Spin Resonance (ESR), sometimes referred to as electron paramagnetic resonance, stands out as one of the most direct and potent methods to probe electron spin dynamics irrespective of the material environment. ESR furnishes insightful data on the states of individual spins and clusters, spin coherence via relaxation time measurements, and inter-spin distances from spin–spin interaction measurements. Additionally, ESR facilitates the manipulation of spin systems by tailoring the Zeeman energy through the modulation of the external magnetic field, and critically, by the remote manipulation of spins via the application of microwave pulses at resonance frequencies. Modern ESR experimental setups are versatile and can be employed across a wide temperature spectrum—from a few Kelvin, where quantum effects are pronounced, to room temperature and beyond. This adaptability enhances the utility of ESR in investigating the spin-dependent properties in condensed matter systems. Notwithstanding the tremendous potential and advantages that ESR offers, it remains underutilized, especially when compared to inelastic neutron scattering (INS) and nuclear magnetic resonance, despite the latter being more expensive and INS being less accessible. In this review, we elucidate the fundamental principles of ESR, with an emphasis on magnetic and spin interactions in solids, and explore the potential of ESR in advancing the understanding of spin properties across a diverse array of materials science disciplines. We commence with a concise introduction to spin-related physics, followed by the application of ESR in characterizing spin systems. As such, this review aims to serve as a valuable resource for a broad audience, ranging from novices to experts, who are keen on unraveling spin phenomena and dynamics in materials science and condensed matter physics.","PeriodicalId":8200,"journal":{"name":"Applied physics reviews","volume":"69 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":15.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"50165369","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The current fabrication methods of surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) chips used for biological detection mostly require antibodies conjugated on nanostructured metals or additionally connected to a reporter, which leads to complicated fabrication processes and increases the cost of these chips. More importantly, only a single-layer (2D) signal source is generated on the substrate of the chip, resulting in poor sensitivity. Herein, we constructed a single-component, multiscale, three-dimensional SERS (M3D-SERS) substrate from silver nanowires (AgNWs) packing. According to our results, the Raman enhancement effect of the M3D-SERS substrate was related to the degree of AgNWs stacking along the z axis. In addition, the light source-dependent plasmonic partition and hotspot formation of the M3D-SERS substrate were evaluated by the finite integration technique to prove that M3D-SERS offers advantages, with isotropic localized surface plasmon resonance as well as homogeneous hotspot distribution, for SERS over its 1D and 2D counterparts. Experimentally, the optimal construction of the M3D-SERS chip was explored and established based on the Raman signal enhancement of bovine serum albumin, and consequently, the efficiency of the M3D-SERS chip in detecting SARS-CoV-2-related biomolecules was investigated based on the detection superiority to biomolecules. This study demonstrates a simple, label-free, pre-treatment-free potential biosensor technology that can be used in healthcare units. Furthermore, in combination with a suitable laser light source, this technology can be applied for efficient detection in point-of-care tests with a handheld spectrometer.
{"title":"A multiscale 3D hotspot-rich nanostructured substrate for biomolecular detection of SARS-CoV-2","authors":"Smruti R. Sahoo, Chun-Ta Huang, Kunju Tsai, Gou-Jen Wang, Cheng-Chung Chang","doi":"10.1063/5.0155256","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0155256","url":null,"abstract":"The current fabrication methods of surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) chips used for biological detection mostly require antibodies conjugated on nanostructured metals or additionally connected to a reporter, which leads to complicated fabrication processes and increases the cost of these chips. More importantly, only a single-layer (2D) signal source is generated on the substrate of the chip, resulting in poor sensitivity. Herein, we constructed a single-component, multiscale, three-dimensional SERS (M3D-SERS) substrate from silver nanowires (AgNWs) packing. According to our results, the Raman enhancement effect of the M3D-SERS substrate was related to the degree of AgNWs stacking along the z axis. In addition, the light source-dependent plasmonic partition and hotspot formation of the M3D-SERS substrate were evaluated by the finite integration technique to prove that M3D-SERS offers advantages, with isotropic localized surface plasmon resonance as well as homogeneous hotspot distribution, for SERS over its 1D and 2D counterparts. Experimentally, the optimal construction of the M3D-SERS chip was explored and established based on the Raman signal enhancement of bovine serum albumin, and consequently, the efficiency of the M3D-SERS chip in detecting SARS-CoV-2-related biomolecules was investigated based on the detection superiority to biomolecules. This study demonstrates a simple, label-free, pre-treatment-free potential biosensor technology that can be used in healthcare units. Furthermore, in combination with a suitable laser light source, this technology can be applied for efficient detection in point-of-care tests with a handheld spectrometer.","PeriodicalId":8200,"journal":{"name":"Applied physics reviews","volume":"29 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":15.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"50165832","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Kolade Adebowale, Jennifer L Guerriero, Samir Mitragotri
Long-term remission in cancer patients treated with ex vivo bona fide M1-induced macrophages has been poor, and the reasons behind this are not understood. Injected M1 macrophages must physically migrate to tumors to execute their role that leads to a therapeutic benefit. However, the trafficking of macrophages to tumors has not been rigorously studied. We hypothesized that trafficking capabilities of macrophages are impacted when naïve M0 macrophages are converted into an M1 phenotype for macrophage therapy. To test this, we developed a three-dimensional assay comprising a tumor spheroid and macrophages to quantify macrophage tumor transport. Cell migration, permeability, and kinetics of tumor entry were quantitatively defined and compared between macrophage phenotypes. Our results demonstrate that compared to M0 macrophages, M1 macrophages migrate less efficiently toward the tumor spheroid and exhibit a fivefold lower tumor permeability. Live imaging data combined with unsupervised machine learning algorithms reveal that macrophage migration correlates with their shape transitions. Our studies highlight the importance of transport considerations in determining the efficacy of cell therapies. This study quantitatively demonstrates that the transport properties of macrophages in tumors depend on their phenotype.
{"title":"Dynamics of macrophage tumor infiltration","authors":"Kolade Adebowale, Jennifer L Guerriero, Samir Mitragotri","doi":"10.1063/5.0160924","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0160924","url":null,"abstract":"Long-term remission in cancer patients treated with ex vivo bona fide M1-induced macrophages has been poor, and the reasons behind this are not understood. Injected M1 macrophages must physically migrate to tumors to execute their role that leads to a therapeutic benefit. However, the trafficking of macrophages to tumors has not been rigorously studied. We hypothesized that trafficking capabilities of macrophages are impacted when naïve M0 macrophages are converted into an M1 phenotype for macrophage therapy. To test this, we developed a three-dimensional assay comprising a tumor spheroid and macrophages to quantify macrophage tumor transport. Cell migration, permeability, and kinetics of tumor entry were quantitatively defined and compared between macrophage phenotypes. Our results demonstrate that compared to M0 macrophages, M1 macrophages migrate less efficiently toward the tumor spheroid and exhibit a fivefold lower tumor permeability. Live imaging data combined with unsupervised machine learning algorithms reveal that macrophage migration correlates with their shape transitions. Our studies highlight the importance of transport considerations in determining the efficacy of cell therapies. This study quantitatively demonstrates that the transport properties of macrophages in tumors depend on their phenotype.","PeriodicalId":8200,"journal":{"name":"Applied physics reviews","volume":"41 17","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":15.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"50165979","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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