Climate Change and Rye (Secale cereale L.) Production: Challenges, Opportunities and Adaptations

This comprehensive review examined the intricate relationship between climate change and rye (Secale cereale L.) production, focusing on the multifaceted challenges and opportunities posed by changing environmental conditions. Rye is a versatile cereal crop cultivated in temperate regions and is known for its resilience and adaptability to adverse growing conditions. However, as global temperatures and atmospheric CO₂ concentrations rise, the effects of climate change on rye growth, yield and grain quality become increasingly apparent. In this review, we summarised the recent research findings on various aspects of rye production and quality under climate change, focusing on factors such as temperature (e.g., increasing temperature) resilience, and viability of rye production in the face of ongoing climate challenges, altered rainfall patterns (changing rainfall distributions with decreasing rainfall in the spring and early summer months as well as heavy rainfall events), biotic stress, agronomic practices and greenhouse gas emissions. Exploring the dynamic interplay among climate change, soil quality, biotic stressors and plant–microbe interactions reveals insights into the response of rye to environmental changes. These interactions shape the complex dynamics that influence the adaptation of rye to evolving environmental conditions. Implications for food security, agricultural sustainability and future research directions are also discussed, highlighting the urgent need for adaptive strategies to ensure the resilience and viability of rye production in the face of ongoing climate challenges.