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Progress in Agronomic Crops Lodging Resistance and Prevention: A Review 农艺作物抗宿主和防宿主的进展:综述
IF 3.7 2区 农林科学 Q1 AGRONOMY Pub Date : 2024-11-05 DOI: 10.1111/jac.12785
Muzammal Rehman, Dengjie Luo, Samavia Mubeen, Jiao Pan, Shan Cao, Wajid Saeed, Peng Chen

Crop lodging is recognised as one of the yield-limiting factors in agricultural production. Therefore, better understanding to improve lodging resistance and to prevent lodging-induced losses in agronomic crops is necessary. Besides yield losses, lodging severely affects the crop harvesting process and increases the production cost. However, achieving the objective of higher crop yields and yield quality without increasing lodging risk is quite challenging. To this end, it is essential to interpret the underlying mechanism of plant stem buckling and failure of root anchorage and optimise the fundamental trade-off between lodging resistance and yield performance in agronomic crops. In the present review, we made an effort to discuss recent and innovative research insights that guarantee greater lodging resistance along with advanced lodging prevention strategies while sustaining higher crop yield and yield quality.

作物虫蛀被认为是农业生产中限制产量的因素之一。因此,有必要更好地了解如何提高农作物的抗虫害能力,防止虫害造成的损失。除产量损失外,虫害还会严重影响作物收获过程,增加生产成本。然而,要在不增加虫蛀风险的情况下实现提高作物产量和质量的目标,却相当具有挑战性。为此,有必要解释植物茎干弯曲和根系锚定失效的内在机理,并从根本上优化农作物抗宿存性与产量表现之间的权衡。在本综述中,我们将努力讨论最新的创新研究成果,这些成果既能保证作物具有更强的抗宿存能力,又能采用先进的防宿存策略,同时还能保持更高的作物产量和产量质量。
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引用次数: 0
Effect of KNO3-Priming on Agronomic, Physicochemical and Fibre Attributes of Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) Under Saline Conditions KNO3-riming 对盐碱条件下棉花(Gossypium hirsutum L.)农艺、理化和纤维属性的影响
IF 3.7 2区 农林科学 Q1 AGRONOMY Pub Date : 2024-11-03 DOI: 10.1111/jac.12779
Ghulam Abbas Narejo, Ameer Ahmed Mirbahar, Sanaullah Yasin, Rafat Saeed
<div> <p>Salinity stress presents a challenging dilemma for plant growth and development. It disrupts cotton (<i>Gossypium hirsutum</i> L.) yield through an immediate osmotic and a slower ionic phase, ultimately diminishing its fibre quality. Seed priming, a low-cost seed pre-treatment, mitigates these effects by triggering prior metabolic processes and subsequent gene expression. This pioneering work aimed to improve agronomic, physicochemical parameters and fibre characteristics in cotton genotypes (GH-Baghdadi and GH-Mubarak) by potassium nitrate (KNO<sub>3</sub>) mediated osmopriming (1.25% and 1.5% conc.) for 15, 20 and 25 h, along with an un-primed control under saline field conditions. The randomised complete block design experiment in triplicate was conducted in 2019 and 2020 at the soil with electrical conductivity (extract) (EC<sub>e</sub>) 9.44 dS m<sup>−1</sup> to investigate optimal priming media and priming duration. The results showed that salinity impaired physicochemical and agronomic parameters in the control experiment. However, seed priming with 1.5% KNO<sub>3</sub> for 20 h significantly improved the yield and yield contributing components in both genotypes. Maximum values for chlorophyll (Chl) <i>a</i> and <i>b</i> were recorded at 1.50 and 0.90 mg g<sup>−1</sup> fresh weight (FW), respectively, under this treatment. Similarly, the chlorophyll-<i>a</i> fluorescence parameters (Chl-<i>a</i> FPs), such as the maximum quantum yield of photosystem II (<i>Fv/F<sub>m</sub> </i>) (0.83), effective quantum yield of PSII (Φ<sub>PSII</sub>) (0.76) and photochemical quenching coefficient (<i>qP</i>) (0.85), indicated improved light harvesting, electron transport and photosynthetic capacity. Furthermore, the net photosynthetic rate (<i>P</i><sub><i>n</i></sub>) increased to 19.65 mmol CO<sub>2</sub> m<sup>−2</sup> s<sup>−1</sup>, while stomatal conductance (<i>g</i><sub><i>s</i></sub>) reached 28.39 mmol CO<sub>2</sub> m<sup>−2</sup> s<sup>−1</sup> at the same treatment. A strongly positive correlation was found between chl-<i>a</i> FPs and net photosynthetic yield. Enzymatic activities, including catalase (CAT) at 2.17 unit mg<sup>−1</sup>, superoxide dismutase (SOD) at 1.05 unit mg<sup>−1</sup> and peroxidase (POD) at 1.50 unit mg<sup>−1</sup> were significantly enhanced, along with leaf potassium (K) (14.3 mg g<sup>−1</sup> dry weight [DW]) and calcium (Ca) (6.7 mg g<sup>−1</sup> DW), particularly in GH-Mubarak. Seed-cotton yield (SCY) increased to 5274 kg h<sup>−1</sup> and fibre strength (FS) improved to 31.3 thousand pounds per square inch (tppsi), while ginning out-turn (GOT) reached a maximum of 45% at 1.5% KNO<sub>3</sub> for 20 h in both genotypes. The micronaire value (4 μg in.<sup>−2</sup>) significantly decreased, indicating improved fibre fineness. Correlation analysis revealed a strong positive correlation between physicochemical and agronomic traits, particularly gas exchange characteristics, chlorophy
盐分胁迫给植物的生长和发育带来了极具挑战性的难题。它通过一个直接的渗透阶段和一个较慢的离子阶段破坏棉花(Gossypium hirsutum L.)的产量,最终降低其纤维质量。种子预处理是一种低成本的种子预处理方法,可通过触发先前的新陈代谢过程和随后的基因表达来减轻这些影响。这项开创性工作旨在通过硝酸钾(KNO3)介导的渗透预处理(浓度分别为 1.25% 和 1.5%)15、20 和 25 小时,以及盐碱地条件下未经预处理的对照,改善棉花基因型(GH-Baghdadi 和 GH-Mubarak)的农艺、理化参数和纤维特性。2019 年和 2020 年,在电导率(萃取物)(ECe)为 9.44 dS m-1 的土壤中进行了一式三份的随机完全区组设计实验,以研究最佳引水介质和引水持续时间。结果表明,在对照实验中,盐分损害了理化和农艺参数。然而,用 1.5% KNO3 引种 20 小时可显著提高两种基因型的产量和产量贡献成分。在这种处理下,叶绿素(Chl)a 和 b 的最大值分别为 1.50 和 0.90 mg g-1 鲜重(FW)。同样,叶绿素-a 荧光参数(Chl-a FPs),如光合系统 II 的最大量子产率(Fv/Fm )(0.83)、PSII 的有效量子产率(ΦPSII)(0.76)和光化学淬灭系数(qP)(0.85),也表明光收集、电子传递和光合作用能力得到了提高。此外,在相同处理下,净光合速率(Pn)增加到 19.65 mmol CO2 m-2 s-1,而气孔导度(gs)达到 28.39 mmol CO2 m-2 s-1。在 chl-a FPs 和净光合产量之间发现了很强的正相关性。酶活性,包括过氧化氢酶(CAT)(2.17 单位 mg-1)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)(1.05 单位 mg-1)和过氧化物酶(POD)(1.50 单位 mg-1),以及叶片钾(K)(14.3 mg g-1 干重 [DW])和钙(Ca)(6.7 mg g-1 DW)均显著增强,尤其是在 GH-Mubarak 中。两个基因型的籽棉产量(SCY)增加到 5274 公斤/小时,纤维强度(FS)提高到 31.3 千磅/平方英寸(tppsi)。马克隆值(4 μg in.-2)显著下降,表明纤维细度提高。相关分析表明,理化性状和农艺性状之间存在很强的正相关性,尤其是气体交换特性、叶绿素含量和 Chl-a FPs,它们与 SCY 和纤维特性密切相关。总之,用 1.5% KNO3 给棉花种子打底 20 小时是缓解盐度胁迫、提高理化属性和农艺性状、最终提高棉花产量和纤维质量的有效策略。
{"title":"Effect of KNO3-Priming on Agronomic, Physicochemical and Fibre Attributes of Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) Under Saline Conditions","authors":"Ghulam Abbas Narejo,&nbsp;Ameer Ahmed Mirbahar,&nbsp;Sanaullah Yasin,&nbsp;Rafat Saeed","doi":"10.1111/jac.12779","DOIUrl":"10.1111/jac.12779","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;div&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;p&gt;Salinity stress presents a challenging dilemma for plant growth and development. It disrupts cotton (&lt;i&gt;Gossypium hirsutum&lt;/i&gt; L.) yield through an immediate osmotic and a slower ionic phase, ultimately diminishing its fibre quality. Seed priming, a low-cost seed pre-treatment, mitigates these effects by triggering prior metabolic processes and subsequent gene expression. This pioneering work aimed to improve agronomic, physicochemical parameters and fibre characteristics in cotton genotypes (GH-Baghdadi and GH-Mubarak) by potassium nitrate (KNO&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;) mediated osmopriming (1.25% and 1.5% conc.) for 15, 20 and 25 h, along with an un-primed control under saline field conditions. The randomised complete block design experiment in triplicate was conducted in 2019 and 2020 at the soil with electrical conductivity (extract) (EC&lt;sub&gt;e&lt;/sub&gt;) 9.44 dS m&lt;sup&gt;−1&lt;/sup&gt; to investigate optimal priming media and priming duration. The results showed that salinity impaired physicochemical and agronomic parameters in the control experiment. However, seed priming with 1.5% KNO&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt; for 20 h significantly improved the yield and yield contributing components in both genotypes. Maximum values for chlorophyll (Chl) &lt;i&gt;a&lt;/i&gt; and &lt;i&gt;b&lt;/i&gt; were recorded at 1.50 and 0.90 mg g&lt;sup&gt;−1&lt;/sup&gt; fresh weight (FW), respectively, under this treatment. Similarly, the chlorophyll-&lt;i&gt;a&lt;/i&gt; fluorescence parameters (Chl-&lt;i&gt;a&lt;/i&gt; FPs), such as the maximum quantum yield of photosystem II (&lt;i&gt;Fv/F&lt;sub&gt;m&lt;/sub&gt; &lt;/i&gt;) (0.83), effective quantum yield of PSII (Φ&lt;sub&gt;PSII&lt;/sub&gt;) (0.76) and photochemical quenching coefficient (&lt;i&gt;qP&lt;/i&gt;) (0.85), indicated improved light harvesting, electron transport and photosynthetic capacity. Furthermore, the net photosynthetic rate (&lt;i&gt;P&lt;/i&gt;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;i&gt;n&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;) increased to 19.65 mmol CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; m&lt;sup&gt;−2&lt;/sup&gt; s&lt;sup&gt;−1&lt;/sup&gt;, while stomatal conductance (&lt;i&gt;g&lt;/i&gt;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;i&gt;s&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;) reached 28.39 mmol CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; m&lt;sup&gt;−2&lt;/sup&gt; s&lt;sup&gt;−1&lt;/sup&gt; at the same treatment. A strongly positive correlation was found between chl-&lt;i&gt;a&lt;/i&gt; FPs and net photosynthetic yield. Enzymatic activities, including catalase (CAT) at 2.17 unit mg&lt;sup&gt;−1&lt;/sup&gt;, superoxide dismutase (SOD) at 1.05 unit mg&lt;sup&gt;−1&lt;/sup&gt; and peroxidase (POD) at 1.50 unit mg&lt;sup&gt;−1&lt;/sup&gt; were significantly enhanced, along with leaf potassium (K) (14.3 mg g&lt;sup&gt;−1&lt;/sup&gt; dry weight [DW]) and calcium (Ca) (6.7 mg g&lt;sup&gt;−1&lt;/sup&gt; DW), particularly in GH-Mubarak. Seed-cotton yield (SCY) increased to 5274 kg h&lt;sup&gt;−1&lt;/sup&gt; and fibre strength (FS) improved to 31.3 thousand pounds per square inch (tppsi), while ginning out-turn (GOT) reached a maximum of 45% at 1.5% KNO&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt; for 20 h in both genotypes. The micronaire value (4 μg in.&lt;sup&gt;−2&lt;/sup&gt;) significantly decreased, indicating improved fibre fineness. Correlation analysis revealed a strong positive correlation between physicochemical and agronomic traits, particularly gas exchange characteristics, chlorophy","PeriodicalId":14864,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2024-11-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142574531","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Foliar Application of Plant Growth Regulators Enhances Drought Tolerance by Modulating Growth and Biochemical Responses in Sugarcane Varieties 叶面喷施植物生长调节剂通过调节甘蔗品种的生长和生化反应增强耐旱性
IF 3.7 2区 农林科学 Q1 AGRONOMY Pub Date : 2024-11-02 DOI: 10.1111/jac.12784
Shakeel Ahmad, Yaowen Deng, Rongman Lv, Kashif Akhtar, Ihsan Muhammad, Muhammad Farooq, Ronghui Wen

Plant growth regulators (PGRs) improve crop growth and mitigate the adverse effects of drought stress. This study explores the effects of various PGRs including melatonin (MT), indole-butyric acid (IBA) and gibberellic acid (GA3) on drought-tolerant Zhongzhe 9 (ZZ9) and Xintaitang 22 (ROC22), as well as drought-sensitive varieties Guitang-44 (GT44) and Funong 41 (FN41) varieties. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the foliar application of these hormones alone or in combination on sugarcane seedlings under drought stress conditions. At the sixth leaf stage, drought stress was induced by reducing soil moisture to 40%–45% field capacity. Results showed that the drought-sensitive variety GT44 had the highest plant height (17.97 cm), while PGRs application enhanced the relative water content (RWC) in FN41 by 0.96%. PGRs treatment also increased plant height by 33.98% and RWC by 3.26% compared to controls. MT application significantly increased chlorophyll a and b contents in FN41 by 4.82% and 4.51%, respectively. Antioxidant enzyme activities superoxide dismutase and peroxidase increased by 16.39% and 12.57%, respectively, indicating enhanced oxidative stress defence. Moreover, PGRs applications reduced hydrogen peroxide and malondialdehyde (MDA) accumulation, signifying decreased oxidative damages. The combinations of MT + GA3 and MT + IBA + GA3 significantly improved the plant growth attributes, antioxidant enzymes, osmolytes and reduced the accumulation of ROS and MDA content in both tolerant and sensitive varieties under drought stress. Thus, combined application of MT + GA3 and MT + IBA + GA3 treatments effectively mitigated drought stress in sugarcane seedlings, providing valuable insights for sustainable agricultural practices.

植物生长调节剂(PGRs)可改善作物生长并减轻干旱胁迫的不利影响。本研究探讨了包括褪黑激素(MT)、吲哚-丁酸(IBA)和赤霉素(GA3)在内的多种植物生长调节剂对耐旱的中浙 9 号(ZZ9)和新塘 22 号(ROC22)以及对干旱敏感的品种桂塘 44 号(GT44)和福农 41 号(FN41)的影响。通过盆栽试验,对干旱胁迫条件下甘蔗幼苗叶面单独施用或联合施用这些激素的效果进行了评估。在甘蔗幼苗六叶期,将土壤水分降至田间容水量的 40%-45%,诱发干旱胁迫。结果表明,对干旱敏感的品种 GT44 株高最高(17.97 厘米),而施用植物生长激素则使 FN41 的相对含水量(RWC)提高了 0.96%。与对照组相比,PGRs 处理也增加了 33.98% 的株高和 3.26% 的相对含水量。施用 MT 后,FN41 的叶绿素 a 和 b 含量分别增加了 4.82% 和 4.51%。抗氧化酶活性超氧化物歧化酶和过氧化物酶分别增加了 16.39% 和 12.57%,表明氧化胁迫防御能力增强。此外,PGRs 的应用减少了过氧化氢和丙二醛(MDA)的积累,表明氧化损伤减轻。在干旱胁迫下,MT + GA3 和 MT + IBA + GA3 组合能显著改善耐旱品种和敏感品种的植物生长特性、抗氧化酶、渗透溶质,减少 ROS 和 MDA 的积累。因此,联合施用 MT + GA3 和 MT + IBA + GA3 可有效缓解甘蔗幼苗的干旱胁迫,为可持续农业实践提供宝贵的启示。
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引用次数: 0
Soil Mulching Practices Increased Grain-Filling Capacity of Rainfed Maize (Zea mays L.) by Improving Soil Hydrothermal Condition and Leaf Photosynthetic Potential 土壤覆盖措施通过改善土壤水热条件和叶片光合潜力提高雨养玉米(玉米)的籽粒充实能力
IF 3.7 2区 农林科学 Q1 AGRONOMY Pub Date : 2024-11-01 DOI: 10.1111/jac.12781
Zhenqi Liao, Zhenlin Lai, Hongtai Kou, Hui Zhang, Zhijun Li, Fucang Zhang, Junliang Fan

Grain-filling rate and duration largely affect the grain-filling capacity, which determines the grain yield of maize (Zea mays L.). Nevertheless, there is little about the mechanism of how various soil mulching practices affect the leaf photosynthetic potential and subsequent grain-filling capacity of maize. Field experiments were undertaken on rainfed summer maize in northwest China under flat cultivation without mulch (FNM), flat cultivation with straw mulch (FSM), flat cultivation with transparent film mulch (FTF), flat cultivation with black film mulch (FBF), ridge-furrow cultivation with transparent film mulch (RTF) and ridge-furrow cultivation with black film mulch (RBF) in 2021 and 2022. This study explored the impact of various soil mulching patterns on soil hydrothermal condition, leaf growth, photosynthetic potential, aboveground dry matter growth and grain-filling process of rainfed maize. The dynamics of leaf area index (LAI) and grain-filling were fitted with growth equations, and the relationships of grain-filling rate, leaf area duration and LAI withering rate were quantified. The results showed that, compared with FNM, other five soil mulching practices improved soil hydrothermal condition, the maximum LAI and leaf expansion rate but reduced leaf withering rate, thereby increasing radiation interception rate (RI) at the grain-filling stage. The soil mulching practices also increased leaf SPAD value, net photosynthetic rate, photosynthetic nitrogen use efficiency and the aboveground dry matter. Compared with FNM, other five practices extended the effective grain-filling period and the active period of grain-filling, increased the maximum and mean grain-filling rates, improved the 100-kernel weight and the average kernel per ear (KPE), thereby increasing grain yields by 9.2%, 33.7%, 38.0%, 46.3% and 58.6%, respectively. The functional relationships of grain-filling rate and accumulated leaf area duration (y = a/(1 + b*exp(−kx))), and the functional relationships of grain-filling rate and LAI withering rate (y = (a + cx + ex2)/(1 + bx + dx2)) were first proposed. In conclusion, various soil mulching practices improved the soil hydrothermal condition, green leaves growth process and RI, which improved the leaf photosynthetic potential and the grain-filling capacity, thereby increasing the 100-kernel weight, KPE and grain yield. This study can help us quantitatively describe and better understand the maize grain-filling process under various mulching practices.

籽粒充实率和持续时间在很大程度上影响着籽粒充实能力,而籽粒充实能力决定着玉米(Zea mays L.)的籽粒产量。然而,关于各种土壤覆盖方法如何影响玉米叶片光合势及随后的籽粒充实能力的机理却知之甚少。本研究于 2021 年和 2022 年在中国西北地区进行了雨水灌溉夏玉米的田间试验,试验条件包括无地膜覆盖平作(FNM)、秸秆地膜覆盖平作(FSM)、透明薄膜地膜覆盖平作(FTF)、黑膜地膜覆盖平作(FBF)、透明薄膜地膜覆盖脊耕栽培(RTF)和黑膜地膜覆盖脊耕栽培(RBF)。本研究探讨了不同土壤覆盖模式对雨养玉米的土壤水热状况、叶片生长、光合势、地上部干物质生长和籽粒充实过程的影响。用生长方程拟合了叶面积指数(LAI)和籽粒饱满度的动态变化,并量化了籽粒饱满度、叶面积持续时间和 LAI 凋落率之间的关系。结果表明,与 FNM 相比,其他五种土壤覆盖方法改善了土壤水热条件、最大 LAI 和叶片扩展率,但降低了叶片枯萎率,从而提高了谷粒饱满期的辐射截获率(RI)。土壤覆盖还提高了叶片 SPAD 值、净光合速率、光合氮利用效率和地上部干物质。与 FNM 相比,其他五种方法延长了有效籽粒充实期和籽粒充实活跃期,提高了最大籽粒充实率和平均籽粒充实率,改善了百粒重和平均每穗籽粒数(KPE),从而使籽粒产量分别提高了 9.2%、33.7%、38.0%、46.3% 和 58.6%。首次提出了谷物饱满率与累积叶面积持续时间的函数关系(y = a/(1 + b*exp(-kx))),以及谷物饱满率与 LAI 枯萎率的函数关系(y = (a + cx + ex2)/(1 + bx + dx2))。总之,各种土壤覆盖措施改善了土壤水热条件、绿叶生长过程和RI,提高了叶片光合势和籽粒充实能力,从而增加了百粒重、KPE和籽粒产量。这项研究有助于我们定量描述和更好地理解各种覆盖措施下的玉米籽粒充实过程。
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引用次数: 0
Synergistic Effects of Irrigation and Nitrogen Fertilisation on Maize Photosynthetic Performance and Yield of Rainfed Systems in Drought-Prone Environments 灌溉和氮肥对干旱环境中雨水灌溉系统玉米光合作用和产量的协同效应
IF 3.7 2区 农林科学 Q1 AGRONOMY Pub Date : 2024-10-29 DOI: 10.1111/jac.12782
Ya Huang, Fei Gao, Rayyan Khan, Shahid Ali, Xun Bo Zhou

Maize, a cereal crop of global significance, encounters cultivation challenges in the subtropical regions of Guangxi, mainly due to variable rainfall and low soil fertility, exacerbating the effects of drought. This study evaluated the effects of irrigation and nitrogen fertilisation on overcoming these challenges and improving maize growth and yield. Between 2020 and 2021, a split-plot experiment was conducted. The main plots were assigned to two irrigation treatments: irrigated and rainfed. Within each main plot, subplots were treated with different nitrogen levels (0, 150, 200, 250 and 300 kg ha−1). The results showed that nitrogen levels and water regime significantly impacted several key factors, including the net photosynthetic rate (Pn), stomatal conductance (Gs), transpiration rate (Tr), intercellular carbon dioxide concentration (Ci), photosynthetically active radiation (PAR), carbon-metabolising enzymes and total carbon (TC) content accumulation. Under drought-like rainfed conditions, the application of nitrogen, RN300 (rainfed application nitrogen 300 kg ha−1), IN250 (irrigated application nitrogen 250 kg ha−1) significantly enhanced the Pn (10.0%), Tr (3.17%), Ci (3.41%) and Gs (2.6%). Additionally, PAR was significantly influenced by the water regime and nitrogen levels. Under IN250, the capture ratio (Ca) increased (2.36%), while the penetration ratio (Pe) and reflectance ratio (Re) decreased by 13.12% and 46.36%, respectively, compared to RN300. The levels of carbon metabolism enzymes (sucrose phosphate synthase and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase) and the TC content were higher under RN300 compared to IN250; however, these differences were not statistically significant. Path analysis revealed that thousand kernel weight had the most significant impact on yield under both water regimes. The effect was stronger under irrigated conditions, with a path coefficient of 0.647, compared to 0.459 under rainfed conditions. Correlation analysis indicated that plant height (0.938), stem diameter (0.906), ear diameter (0.928) and ear length (0.803) were positively correlated with nitrogen levels. In conclusion, maize under IN250 exhibited superior photosynthetic performance and carbon accumulation. This suggests that balanced irrigation and nitrogen management can effectively mitigate the adverse impacts of drought on maize, optimising growth and yield sustainably.

玉米是一种具有全球意义的谷类作物,但在广西亚热带地区的种植却面临挑战,主要原因是降雨量多变和土壤肥力低,加剧了干旱的影响。本研究评估了灌溉和氮肥对克服这些挑战、提高玉米生长和产量的影响。2020 年至 2021 年期间,进行了一次分小区试验。主小区被分配到两种灌溉处理:灌溉和雨水灌溉。在每个主小区中,子小区分别采用不同的氮肥水平(0、150、200、250 和 300 千克/公顷)进行处理。结果表明,氮素水平和水制度对几个关键因子有显著影响,包括净光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(Gs)、蒸腾速率(Tr)、细胞间二氧化碳浓度(Ci)、光合有效辐射(PAR)、碳代谢酶和总碳(TC)含量积累。在类似干旱的雨水灌溉条件下,施氮 RN300(雨水灌溉施氮 300 kg ha-1)和 IN250(灌溉施氮 250 kg ha-1)显著提高了 Pn(10.0%)、Tr(3.17%)、Ci(3.41%)和 Gs(2.6%)。此外,PAR 受水系和氮素水平的影响也很大。与 RN300 相比,在 IN250 条件下,捕获率(Ca)增加了(2.36%),而渗透率(Pe)和反射率(Re)分别下降了 13.12% 和 46.36%。与 IN250 相比,RN300 的碳代谢酶(蔗糖磷酸合成酶和磷酸烯醇丙酮酸羧化酶)水平和 TC 含量更高,但这些差异在统计学上并不显著。路径分析显示,在两种水分制度下,千粒重对产量的影响最大。灌溉条件下的影响更大,路径系数为 0.647,而雨水灌溉条件下的路径系数为 0.459。相关分析表明,株高(0.938)、茎直径(0.906)、穗直径(0.928)和穗长(0.803)与氮水平呈正相关。总之,在 IN250 条件下,玉米的光合作用和碳积累表现优异。这表明,均衡的灌溉和氮素管理可有效减轻干旱对玉米的不利影响,持续优化玉米的生长和产量。
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引用次数: 0
Crop Water Stress Index and Yield Relationships for Winter Wheat (Triticum aestivum) Crops Grown Under Different Drip and Flood Irrigated Treatments 不同滴灌和漫灌条件下冬小麦(Triticum aestivum)作物水分胁迫指数与产量的关系
IF 3.7 2区 农林科学 Q1 AGRONOMY Pub Date : 2024-10-21 DOI: 10.1111/jac.12775
Aditi Yadav, Hitesh Upreti, Gopal Das Singhal

The Crop Water Stress Index (CWSI) is a widely used method for quantifying crop water status and predicting yield. However, its evaluation across different irrigation methods and its stage-specific response to crop yield is rarely evaluated. In this study, controlled field experiments were conducted on winter wheat using drip irrigation (DI) and flood irrigation (FI) during the 2021–2022 and 2022–2023 seasons in western Uttar Pradesh, India. The irrigation treatments included 50% MAD (maximum allowable depletion) (DI), 55% MAD (DI), 60% MAD (DI), 50% MAD (FI), local farmer's field replication (FI), rain-fed, and well-watered treatment (DI). The derived mean CWSI values for the irrigation treatments ranged from 0.03 to 0.66 in season 1 and 0.06 to 0.57 in season 2 across treatments. The seasonal mean CWSI for 50% MAD (DI) was 0.12 (season 1) and 0.11 (season 2), while 50% MAD (FI) yielded higher mean CWSI values of 0.29 (season 1) and 0.22 (season 2). The 50% MAD (DI) treatment produced the highest grain yield and water use efficiency in both seasons. A comprehensive analysis of stage-specific CWSI values and grain yields revealed that grain yield was more sensitive to post-heading CWSI as compared to pre-heading CWSI values. Among the growth stages, CWSI values during the flowering stage were the most critical for predicting wheat yield. The study recommends that the CWSI values in the flowering and post-heading stages are more relevant in predicting wheat yield accurately as compared to the pre-heading and seasonal mean CWSI.

作物水分胁迫指数(CWSI)是一种广泛使用的量化作物水分状况和预测产量的方法。然而,很少有人对其在不同灌溉方法下的评估及其对作物产量的特定阶段响应进行评估。本研究在 2021-2022 年和 2022-2023 年印度北方邦西部对冬小麦进行了滴灌(DI)和漫灌(FI)田间对照试验。灌溉处理包括 50%MAD(最大允许耗竭)(滴灌)、55%MAD(滴灌)、60%MAD(滴灌)、50%MAD(漫灌)、当地农民田间复制(漫灌)、雨水灌溉和充足灌溉处理(滴灌)。灌溉处理的 CWSI 平均值在第一季为 0.03 至 0.66,在第二季为 0.06 至 0.57。50%MAD(DI)的季节平均 CWSI 值为 0.12(第 1 季)和 0.11(第 2 季),而 50%MAD(FI)的平均 CWSI 值较高,为 0.29(第 1 季)和 0.22(第 2 季)。50% MAD(DI)处理两季的谷物产量和水分利用效率最高。对各生长阶段的 CWSI 值和谷物产量的综合分析表明,与发芽前的 CWSI 值相比,谷物产量对发芽后的 CWSI 值更为敏感。在各生长阶段中,开花期的 CWSI 值对预测小麦产量最为关键。研究建议,与开花前和季节平均 CWSI 值相比,开花期和抽穗后的 CWSI 值对准确预测小麦产量更有意义。
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引用次数: 0
Elevated CO2 Concentration Enhances Drought Tolerance by Mitigating Oxidative Stress and Enhancing Carbon Assimilation in Foxtail Millet (Setaria italica) 高浓度二氧化碳通过减轻氧化应激和提高狐尾黍(Setaria italica)的碳同化作用增强其耐旱性
IF 3.7 2区 农林科学 Q1 AGRONOMY Pub Date : 2024-10-20 DOI: 10.1111/jac.12778
Xiaoqin Zhang, Yuqian Duan, Qijun Xing, Ruonan Duan, Jie Shen, Yuzheng Zong, Dongsheng Zhang, Xinrui Shi, Ping Li, Xingyu Hao

Elevated CO2 concentration (eCO2) can modulate the response of crop plants to drought stress (DS). This study aimed to investigate the response of leaf gas exchange, chlorophyll fluorescence, antioxidant activities, osmotic adjustment substance, phytohormone and signal transduction regulatory enzymes, as well as related genes in foxtail millet to DS (water stress for 10 days), ambient condition (aCO2, 400 μmol mol−1) and eCO2 (600 μmol mol−1). eCO2 significantly increased the net photosynthetic rate, maximum net photosynthetic rate, chlorophyll a content, transpiration rate and stomatal conductance, but did not affect leaf instantaneous water-use efficiency under DS. eCO2 also significantly enhanced the quantum yield of Photosystem II (PSII), photosynthetic electron transport, and proportion of open PSII reaction centers under DS. Moreover, eCO2 significantly increased abscisic acid (ABA) content, proline content, and the activities of peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, and calcium-dependent protein kinase under DS, leading to a significant reduction in malondialdehyde content. eCO2 significantly increased the expressions of gene encoding ABA-, stress- and ripening-induced proteins and ABA-responsive element binding factor under DS. Our results clearly demonstrated the vital role of eCO2 in mitigating the drought-induced damage over ambient CO2 grown foxtail millet.

二氧化碳浓度(eCO2)的升高可调节作物对干旱胁迫(DS)的响应。本研究旨在探讨狐尾粟的叶片气体交换、叶绿素荧光、抗氧化活性、渗透调节物质、植物激素和信号转导调节酶以及相关基因对干旱胁迫(水胁迫10天)、环境条件(aCO2,400 μmol mol-1)和eCO2(600 μmol mol-1)的响应。在 DS 条件下,eCO2 能明显提高净光合速率、最大净光合速率、叶绿素 a 含量、蒸腾速率和气孔导度,但不影响叶片的瞬时水分利用效率。此外,在 DS 条件下,eCO2 还能显著提高脱落酸(ABA)含量、脯氨酸含量以及过氧化物酶、超氧化物歧化酶和钙依赖蛋白激酶的活性,从而显著降低丙二醛含量。我们的研究结果清楚地表明,eCO2 在减轻干旱引起的损害方面比环境 CO2 生长的狐尾粟起着至关重要的作用。
{"title":"Elevated CO2 Concentration Enhances Drought Tolerance by Mitigating Oxidative Stress and Enhancing Carbon Assimilation in Foxtail Millet (Setaria italica)","authors":"Xiaoqin Zhang,&nbsp;Yuqian Duan,&nbsp;Qijun Xing,&nbsp;Ruonan Duan,&nbsp;Jie Shen,&nbsp;Yuzheng Zong,&nbsp;Dongsheng Zhang,&nbsp;Xinrui Shi,&nbsp;Ping Li,&nbsp;Xingyu Hao","doi":"10.1111/jac.12778","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jac.12778","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Elevated CO<sub>2</sub> concentration (<i>e</i>CO<sub>2</sub>) can modulate the response of crop plants to drought stress (DS). This study aimed to investigate the response of leaf gas exchange, chlorophyll fluorescence, antioxidant activities, osmotic adjustment substance, phytohormone and signal transduction regulatory enzymes, as well as related genes in foxtail millet to DS (water stress for 10 days), ambient condition (<i>a</i>CO<sub>2</sub>, 400 μmol mol<sup>−1</sup>) and <i>e</i>CO<sub>2</sub> (600 μmol mol<sup>−1</sup>). <i>e</i>CO<sub>2</sub> significantly increased the net photosynthetic rate, maximum net photosynthetic rate, chlorophyll a content, transpiration rate and stomatal conductance, but did not affect leaf instantaneous water-use efficiency under DS. <i>e</i>CO<sub>2</sub> also significantly enhanced the quantum yield of Photosystem II (PSII), photosynthetic electron transport, and proportion of open PSII reaction centers under DS. Moreover, <i>e</i>CO<sub>2</sub> significantly increased abscisic acid (ABA) content, proline content, and the activities of peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, and calcium-dependent protein kinase under DS, leading to a significant reduction in malondialdehyde content. <i>e</i>CO<sub>2</sub> significantly increased the expressions of gene encoding ABA-, stress- and ripening-induced proteins and ABA-responsive element binding factor under DS. Our results clearly demonstrated the vital role of <i>e</i>CO<sub>2</sub> in mitigating the drought-induced damage over ambient CO<sub>2</sub> grown foxtail millet.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":14864,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2024-10-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142451724","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Evaluation of Basmati Rice (Oryza sativa L.) Genotypes for Seedling Growth and Leaf Physiology Under High-Temperature Stress 评估高温胁迫下巴斯马蒂水稻(Oryza sativa L.)基因型的幼苗生长和叶片生理特性
IF 3.7 2区 农林科学 Q1 AGRONOMY Pub Date : 2024-10-18 DOI: 10.1111/jac.12777
Rania Baloch, Muhammad Farrukh Saleem, Muhammad Shahbaz, Muhammad Sarwar

Rice, a staple food crop for over half of the global population, is facing a serious threat of rising temperature due to climate change, especially in the areas producing Basmati rice. The main objectives of the study were to compare the promising cultivars of Basmati rice for heat stress tolerance and to assess how elevated temperature affects leaf physiological and morphological parameters of fine rice at seedling stage. A 2-year-controlled pot experiment was carried out to evaluate how different Basmati rice varieties respond to heat stress. The experiment was carried out at the Agronomic research area, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Pakistan, during 2022 and 2023. The design of experiment was completely randomised design (CRD) with split treatment structure and four replications. Plant morphology, leaf temperature, chlorophyll contents, relative cell injury and relative water contents were evaluated for both experimental years. Heat stress significantly affected all morphological and physiological attributes such as chlorophyll contents, relative water contents and relative cell injury across different varieties. There was variation in the behaviour of different varieties under stress conditions as compared to no heat, but from the results it was very clear that Kisan Basmati and PK-1121 Aromatic constantly showed poor performance under both conditions for all the recorded parameters. However, in almost each parameter evaluated, Basmati-515, Super Basmati and NIAB-16 exhibited Superior thermo tolerance and better performance. On the basis of observed morphological and physiological attributes, Kisan and PK-1121 Aromatic Basmati were graded as sensitive varieties, while Basmati-515, Super Basmati and NIAB-16 showed tolerance to heat stress as compared to other varieties. However, further research is needed to explore the underlying mechanisms and genetic factors contributing to the sensitivity or tolerance observed in these varieties.

水稻是全球一半以上人口的主食作物,正面临着气候变化导致气温升高的严重威胁,尤其是在巴斯马蒂水稻产区。本研究的主要目的是比较巴斯马蒂水稻有前途的栽培品种对热胁迫的耐受性,并评估温度升高对幼苗期优良水稻叶片生理和形态参数的影响。为评估不同巴斯马蒂水稻品种对热胁迫的反应,进行了为期两年的盆栽对照实验。实验于 2022 年和 2023 年在巴基斯坦费萨拉巴德农业大学农艺研究区进行。实验设计为完全随机设计(CRD),采用分割处理结构和四次重复。对两个试验年的植物形态、叶片温度、叶绿素含量、相对细胞损伤和相对含水量进行了评估。热胁迫对不同品种的叶绿素含量、相对含水量和相对细胞损伤等所有形态和生理属性都有明显影响。与不受热的情况相比,不同品种在胁迫条件下的表现存在差异,但从结果来看,Kisan Basmati 和 PK-1121 Aromatic 在两种条件下的所有记录参数都表现不佳。然而,在几乎每项评估参数中,Basmati-515、Super Basmati 和 NIAB-16 都表现出较高的耐热性和较好的性能。根据观察到的形态和生理特性,Kisan 和 PK-1121 Aromatic Basmati 被评为敏感品种,而 Basmati-515、Super Basmati 和 NIAB-16 与其他品种相比表现出对热胁迫的耐受性。不过,还需要进一步研究,以探索这些品种的敏感性或耐受性的内在机制和遗传因素。
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引用次数: 0
Root System Architecture and Salt Stress Responses in Cereal Crops 谷类作物的根系结构和盐胁迫反应
IF 3.7 2区 农林科学 Q1 AGRONOMY Pub Date : 2024-10-10 DOI: 10.1111/jac.12776
Muhammad Farooq, Suphia Rafique, Noreen Zahra, Abdul Rehman, Kadambot H. M. Siddique

Cereal crops are cultivated across diverse regions globally, facing numerous environmental challenges, with salinity posing a significant threat to their growth and productivity. Plants respond to salinity stress (SS) through various morphological and physiological mechanisms. Notably, root system architecture (RSA) has emerged as a crucial factor in aiding nutrient uptake and ensuring efficient water supply, reshaping plant responses, particularly under SS. However, assessing and visualizing RSA and growth patterns in different crops is more challenging than aboveground parts, often leading to neglect in research. Roots serve a dual role in SS: preventing Na+ (sodium) uptake from soil and its accumulation into shoots. This review highlights the impact of SS on remodeling RSA, encompassing phenology, cytology, and genetic regulation. It offers comprehensive insights into root architecture, functionalities, hormonal crosstalk, and agronomic strategies tailored for cereals crops. These insights aim to optimize resource capture, mitigate Na+ uptake—known to reduce yield in saline conditions—and explore potential avenues for engineering roots to circumvent SS.

谷类作物在全球不同地区种植,面临着众多环境挑战,其中盐分对其生长和产量构成了重大威胁。植物通过各种形态和生理机制对盐分胁迫(SS)做出反应。值得注意的是,根系结构(RSA)已成为帮助养分吸收和确保有效供水的关键因素,重塑了植物的反应,尤其是在盐碱胁迫下。然而,与地上部分相比,对不同作物的根系结构和生长模式进行评估和可视化更具挑战性,这往往导致研究工作被忽视。根系在 SS 中发挥着双重作用:防止 Na+(钠)从土壤中吸收并积累到芽中。这篇综述强调了 SS 对重塑 RSA 的影响,包括物候学、细胞学和遗传调控。它提供了对根系结构、功能、激素串扰以及针对谷类作物的农艺策略的全面见解。这些见解旨在优化资源捕获、减轻 Na+ 吸收(众所周知,Na+ 吸收会降低盐碱条件下的产量)以及探索根系工程的潜在途径,以规避 SS。
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引用次数: 0
Regulation of 6-Benzylaminopurine on Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Grain Weight Under Waterlogging and Shading After Anthesis 6-苄基氨基嘌呤对小麦(Triticum aestivum L.)开花后水涝和遮光条件下籽粒重量的调控
IF 3.7 2区 农林科学 Q1 AGRONOMY Pub Date : 2024-10-09 DOI: 10.1111/jac.12774
Wenjing Zhang, Anmin Zhang, Zihong Li, Beibei Wang, Jiameng Luan, Xiangshuo Zhang, Shangyu Ma, Yonghui Fan, Zhenglai Huang

Waterlogging during the anthesis, exacerbated by continuous rainy weather and heavy soil, has become a primary limiting factor affecting wheat yield in southern China's rice-wheat rotation regions. Previous research indicates that utilizing exogenous 6-benzylaminopurine (6-BA) can effectively alleviate the adverse effects of continuous rain on wheat yield, while the fundamental process is yet to be fully understood. In this research, two wheat varieties with contrasting waterlogging sensitivities were selected, which were exposed to waterlogging and shading for 7, 11, and 15 days after anthesis. Subsequently, three different concentrations of 6-BA solution (15, 25, and 35 mg L−1) were applied through spraying. The application of 6-BA significantly increased the total soluble sugar and starch content in grains during the filling process, as well as enhanced the activities of starch synthesis-related enzymes: sucrose synthase (SuS, EC 2.4.1.13), ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase (AGPase, EC 2.7.7.21), and starch phosphorylase (Pho, EC 2.4.1.1). Moreover, the application of 6-BA notably enhanced the transfer and transport rate for non-structural carbohydrates (NSC) in the stem and sheath. It resulted in a notable increase in the distribution ratio of dry matter in the grain, ultimately leading to higher grain weight and yield. Applying 6-BA through spraying mitigated the adverse effects of waterlogging and shading on starch accumulation and dry matter transport in grains, thereby improving grain weight. The most effective concentration in this experiment was 25 mg L−1.

在中国南方稻麦轮作地区,连续阴雨天气和重度土壤加剧了开花期的涝害,已成为影响小麦产量的主要限制因素。以往的研究表明,利用外源 6-苄基氨基嘌呤(6-BA)可有效缓解连阴雨对小麦产量的不利影响,但其基本过程尚未完全清楚。在这项研究中,选取了两个对水涝敏感性截然不同的小麦品种,分别在花后 7、11 和 15 天暴露于水涝和遮光环境中。随后,喷洒三种不同浓度的 6-BA 溶液(15、25 和 35 mg L-1)。在灌浆过程中,施用 6-BA 能显著提高谷粒中的总可溶性糖和淀粉含量,并增强淀粉合成相关酶的活性:蔗糖合成酶(SuS,EC 2.4.1.13)、ADP-葡萄糖焦磷酸化酶(AGPase,EC 2.7.7.21)和淀粉磷酸化酶(Pho,EC 2.4.1.1)。此外,施用 6-BA 还显著提高了茎和鞘中非结构碳水化合物(NSC)的转移和运输速率。这显著提高了谷物中干物质的分配比例,最终提高了谷物的重量和产量。通过喷洒 6-BA 可减轻水涝和遮光对谷粒中淀粉积累和干物质运输的不利影响,从而提高粒重。本实验中最有效的浓度为 25 mg L-1。
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引用次数: 0
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Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science
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