3D printing of porous hollow nanosphere MoS2@NiS/rGO scaffolds empowering long-cycle sodium-ion batteries

Sodium-ion batteries (SIB), as one of the most appealing electrochemical energy storage devices in the field of energy storage, consistently require optimization for both capacity and long-term cycling performance. The amalgamation of diverse material modification techniques with up-and-coming 3D printing technology presents a promising yet relatively underexplored avenue. Herein, we report a composite material, MoS₂@NiS/rGO, as the anode material for SIB, achieving high reversible capacity and outstanding long-term cycling performance, surpassing current reported levels. Through carefully designed anode electrode structure and component interface engineering, the material rate capability (with a capacity of 289.5 mAh g⁻¹ at 0.1 A g⁻¹ and 66.8 mAh g⁻¹ at 5 A g⁻¹) and cycling stability (maintaining a capacity of 131.3 mAh g⁻¹ after 800 cycles at 1 A g⁻¹) are significantly enhanced. The reasons for the improvement in electrochemical performance are elucidated through detailed electrochemical analysis. Encouragingly, we showcase the fabrication of a sodium-ion full battery entirely through 3D printing (3DP), achieving an area loading capacity as high as 8.23 mg cm⁻² and retaining a capacity of 82.1 mAh g⁻¹ after 240 cycles at 0.1 A g⁻¹. This work underscores the pivotal significance of 3D-printed sodium-ion batteries in advancing the frontier of energy storage technology.