Strain energy dissipation during liquefaction of fibre-reinforced sand under undrained cyclic triaxial loading

Mixing discrete flexible fibres into sand may improve its liquefaction resistance during cyclic loading. Here, the benefits are demonstrated by performing undrained cyclic triaxial tests on fibre-reinforced samples in very loose and loose states. The development of a liquified state may be delayed when fibres are present. Here, the strain energy dissipation during loading, and liquefaction development, is focused on. The results show that strain energy continuously dissipates as undrained cyclic loading proceeds. The capacity energy, which coincides with a double amplitude axial strain of 5% or the unity of excess pore pressure ratio (\({r}_{u}\)), whichever occurs first, is increased by the inclusion of fibres. Under the two-way symmetrical cyclic loading, with a cyclic stress ratio of 0.2, the inclusion of fibres with a fibre content of 0.5% leads to the capacity energies of the samples in very loose and loose states increasing by 86.8 and 158.8%, respectively. The generation of pore pressure is closely related to the dissipated energy. The fibres alter the liquefaction responses of a sand skeleton in ways that depend on the applied loading conditions, and this depends on the extent to which the fibres are mobilized in tension during loading. When unities of \({r}_{u}\) are attained for fibre-reinforced sand samples, their states may vary greatly and remain far from liquefaction. A newly defined pore pressure ratio \(({{r}_{u}}^{*})\) proves to be a better indicator of liquefaction in fibre-reinforced sand. A possible energy-based method, intended for practical use to assess liquefaction resistance of fibre-reinforced sand, and the margin of safety against liquefaction, is also presented.