{"title":"流离失所之后:巴基斯坦塔尔沙漠的煤矿开采、发展与不平等","authors":"Mustafa Khan , Vikram Das","doi":"10.1016/j.worlddev.2024.106624","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This paper will examine the resettlement process initiated under the Thar Coal Project, located in the arid Thar desert region in southern Pakistan, which is likely to cause the displacement of at least ten villages, many of whom are inhabited by marginalized Hindu Dalit and pastoralist tribal populations. We will focus on those displaced villagers who have been resettled in New Sehnri Dars village and those who have lost land in Bhawa Jo Tar village, taking an ethnographic approach. Large scale development induced displacement and resettlement (DiDR) has occurred in Pakistan, but it has been subject to limited scholarship. Individuals being displaced by large scale infrastructure projects, referred by some as ‘development refugees,’ face material losses leading to impoverishment. The paper here focuses on the recovery and reconstruction of the displaced population and how they have been rebuilding their livelihoods and communities after getting forcibly relocated, beginning from 2017 onwards. We argue that some aspects of DiDR may contribute to positive outcomes resulting in accumulation of sociocultural and educational capital for the traditionally marginalized groups. The displacement literature from the Global South, focuses on forms of coercive control, administered by institutional structures that generated and normalised state led bureaucratic violence, leading to the disempowering of those displaced by infrastructural development. The voices from Senhri Dars and Bhawa Jo Tar in Pakistan give us a different picture of the relationship between infrastructural development and displacement, showing how—quite counter-intuitively—a situation defined by force and coercion can become in a limited way a process that enables agency and empowerment. 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We will focus on those displaced villagers who have been resettled in New Sehnri Dars village and those who have lost land in Bhawa Jo Tar village, taking an ethnographic approach. Large scale development induced displacement and resettlement (DiDR) has occurred in Pakistan, but it has been subject to limited scholarship. Individuals being displaced by large scale infrastructure projects, referred by some as ‘development refugees,’ face material losses leading to impoverishment. The paper here focuses on the recovery and reconstruction of the displaced population and how they have been rebuilding their livelihoods and communities after getting forcibly relocated, beginning from 2017 onwards. We argue that some aspects of DiDR may contribute to positive outcomes resulting in accumulation of sociocultural and educational capital for the traditionally marginalized groups. The displacement literature from the Global South, focuses on forms of coercive control, administered by institutional structures that generated and normalised state led bureaucratic violence, leading to the disempowering of those displaced by infrastructural development. The voices from Senhri Dars and Bhawa Jo Tar in Pakistan give us a different picture of the relationship between infrastructural development and displacement, showing how—quite counter-intuitively—a situation defined by force and coercion can become in a limited way a process that enables agency and empowerment. 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引用次数: 0
摘要
本文将探讨位于巴基斯坦南部干旱的塔尔沙漠地区的塔尔煤炭项目启动的重新安置进程,该进程可能导致至少十个村庄流离失所,其中许多村庄居住着边缘化的印度教达利特人和游牧部落居民。我们将采用人种学方法,重点关注那些被重新安置在新塞纳里达尔斯村的流离失所村民和失去巴瓦乔塔尔村土地的村民。巴基斯坦已经出现了大规模的因发展而导致的流离失所和重新安置(DiDR)现象,但对这一现象的研究却十分有限。因大规模基础设施项目而流离失所的人被一些人称为 "发展难民",他们面临着物质损失,导致贫困化。本文重点关注流离失所者的恢复和重建,以及他们自 2017 年起被迫搬迁后如何重建生计和社区。我们认为,"灾后重建 "的某些方面可能有助于取得积极成果,为传统上被边缘化的群体积累社会文化和教育资本。来自全球南部的流离失所文献侧重于强制控制的形式,这些形式由产生国家主导的官僚暴力并使之正常化的体制结构管理,导致因基础设施发展而流离失所的人丧失权力。来自巴基斯坦 Senhri Dars 和 Bhawa Jo Tar 的声音让我们对基础设施发展与流离失所之间的关系有了不同的认识,展示了--完全违背直觉的--由武力和胁迫定义的情况是如何以一种有限的方式成为一个能够促进能动性和赋权的过程的。这篇论文将为巴基斯坦伊斯兰共和国的减灾工作提供新的视角,该地区在这一问题上的学术研究非常有限。
After displacement: Coal mining, development, and inequality in the Thar desert of Pakistan
This paper will examine the resettlement process initiated under the Thar Coal Project, located in the arid Thar desert region in southern Pakistan, which is likely to cause the displacement of at least ten villages, many of whom are inhabited by marginalized Hindu Dalit and pastoralist tribal populations. We will focus on those displaced villagers who have been resettled in New Sehnri Dars village and those who have lost land in Bhawa Jo Tar village, taking an ethnographic approach. Large scale development induced displacement and resettlement (DiDR) has occurred in Pakistan, but it has been subject to limited scholarship. Individuals being displaced by large scale infrastructure projects, referred by some as ‘development refugees,’ face material losses leading to impoverishment. The paper here focuses on the recovery and reconstruction of the displaced population and how they have been rebuilding their livelihoods and communities after getting forcibly relocated, beginning from 2017 onwards. We argue that some aspects of DiDR may contribute to positive outcomes resulting in accumulation of sociocultural and educational capital for the traditionally marginalized groups. The displacement literature from the Global South, focuses on forms of coercive control, administered by institutional structures that generated and normalised state led bureaucratic violence, leading to the disempowering of those displaced by infrastructural development. The voices from Senhri Dars and Bhawa Jo Tar in Pakistan give us a different picture of the relationship between infrastructural development and displacement, showing how—quite counter-intuitively—a situation defined by force and coercion can become in a limited way a process that enables agency and empowerment. This paper will provide fresh insight into DiDR in the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, a region that has had very limited scholarship on this issue.
期刊介绍:
World Development is a multi-disciplinary monthly journal of development studies. It seeks to explore ways of improving standards of living, and the human condition generally, by examining potential solutions to problems such as: poverty, unemployment, malnutrition, disease, lack of shelter, environmental degradation, inadequate scientific and technological resources, trade and payments imbalances, international debt, gender and ethnic discrimination, militarism and civil conflict, and lack of popular participation in economic and political life. Contributions offer constructive ideas and analysis, and highlight the lessons to be learned from the experiences of different nations, societies, and economies.