The combined impact of climate change scenarios and land use changes on water resources in a semi-arid watershed

This study proposes a combined approach involving climate change scenarios and varied land use and land cover (LULC) projections in a semi-arid watershed (El Grou) located in Morocco. The Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model was coupled with land use scenarios generated using the Cellular Automata-Markov model for three dates (2030, 2040, and 2050) and future climate projections from the CMIP5 model under RCP 4.5 and 8.5 scenarios. Future precipitation and temperature projections indicate a decrease in annual precipitation by 5 % to 34 % and an increase in average temperatures, particularly during the summer months. LULC changes reveal a significant decline in agricultural lands and forests, with an expansion of bare soil by 2050. These changes, analyzed through three SWAT models representing different time periods, indicate a decrease in surface runoff by 41 % to 73 %, a reduction in total water yield by 21 % to 53 %, and a decline in groundwater recharge, posing significant challenges for water resource management and ecosystem health. The study underscores the need for integrated land and water management strategies, incorporating climate change adaptation measures, to ensure sustainable water resource utilization and build resilience in the El Grou watershed and similar semi-arid regions.