The anatomically preserved Early Carboniferous flora of Pettycur, Fife, Scotland

The Late Viséan (mid-Mississippian) anatomically preserved flora from Pettycur, Fife, Scotland is one of the most significant plant assemblages (lagerstätte) from this period anywhere in the world. It has been known from the later 19th century, mainly from loose limestone blocks found on the beach. Thin sections of limestones showing outstanding permineralised plants offered a number of the most eminent British palaeobotanists of their day to describe many of the plants. Most of the thin sections were made commercially so that an understanding of the formation of the deposit as a whole proved difficult. The peel technique developed in the 1950s allowed large slices of limestone to be peeled but only small pieces of the peels were ever mounted and studied by the new authors. Large collections (more than 100) of loose blocks on the beach and from in situ from within basaltic lava flows by the author and colleagues from the late 1970s onwards have been slabbed and peeled and provide the opportunity for new studies and an assessment of the plant assemblages and possible communities present. At least 25 plant organ species are present representing more than 13 whole plant species. Of particular significance is the occurrence of the four main lycopsid tree types that dominate later Pennsylvanian peats and the occurrence of five ferns. It is shown also that a number of the plants may also be preserved as charcoal, especially zygopterid ferns such as Metaclepsydropsis. Of particular importance is the occurrence of true permineralised peats that provide evidence of the botanical composition of the earliest peat-forming mire at a time of rapid global change with a sudden fall of atmospheric CO₂ and rise in O₂ that would have also had an effect upon wildfire systems.