{"title":"至关重要的联系:蓖麻线虫(Ixodoidea: Ixodidae)生命周期的系统发育与生态学支持以及波氏杆菌的扩增","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.crpvbd.2024.100198","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The tick <em>Ixodes ricinus</em> parasitizes a wide range of vertebrates. These hosts vary in the relative contribution to the feeding of the different tick life stages, and their interplay is pivotal in the transmission dynamics of tick-borne pathogens. We aimed to know if there is a phylogenetic signal in the feeding and propagation hosts of <em>I. ricinus</em>, independently of other traits, as well as in the amplification of <em>Borrelia burgdorferi</em> (<em>s.l.</em>) in feeding larvae. We used a compilation of 1127 published field surveys in Europe, providing data for 96,586 hosts, resulting in 265,124 larvae, 72,080 nymphs and 37,726 adults. The load of immature ticks on hosts showed a significant phylogenetic signal towards the genera <em>Psammodromus</em>, <em>Podarcis,</em> and <em>Lacerta</em> (nymphs only). We hypothesize that such signal is the background hallmark of the primitive hosts associations of <em>I. ricinus</em>, probably in the glaciation refugia. A secondary phylogenetic signal for tick immatures appeared for some genera of Rodentia and Eulipotyphla. Results suggest the notion that the tick gained these hosts after spread from glaciation refugia. Analyses support a phylogenetic signal in the tick adults, firmly linked to Cetartiodactyla, but not to Carnivora or Aves. This study provides the first demonstration of host preferences in the generalist tick <em>I. ricinus</em>. We further demonstrate that combinations of vertebrates contribute in different proportions supporting the tick life-cycle in biogeographical regions of the Western Palaearctic as each region has unique combinations of dominant hosts. Analysis of the amplification of <em>B. burgdorferi</em> (<em>s.l.</em>) demonstrated that each genospecies is better amplified by competent reservoirs with which a strong phylogenetic signal exists. These vertebrates are the same along the spatial range: environmental traits do not change the reservoirs along the large territory studied. The transmission of <em>B. burgdorferi</em> (<em>s.l.</em>) is amplified by a few species of vertebrates, that share biogeographical regions with the tick vector in variable proportions.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":94311,"journal":{"name":"Current research in parasitology & vector-borne diseases","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.7000,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2667114X24000293/pdfft?md5=c06e143cc575b9f61b1cd5e0e681df9a&pid=1-s2.0-S2667114X24000293-main.pdf","citationCount":"0","resultStr":"{\"title\":\"A crucial nexus: Phylogenetic versus ecological support of the life-cycle of Ixodes ricinus (Ixodoidea: Ixodidae) and Borrelia spp. amplification\",\"authors\":\"\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.crpvbd.2024.100198\",\"DOIUrl\":null,\"url\":null,\"abstract\":\"<div><p>The tick <em>Ixodes ricinus</em> parasitizes a wide range of vertebrates. These hosts vary in the relative contribution to the feeding of the different tick life stages, and their interplay is pivotal in the transmission dynamics of tick-borne pathogens. We aimed to know if there is a phylogenetic signal in the feeding and propagation hosts of <em>I. ricinus</em>, independently of other traits, as well as in the amplification of <em>Borrelia burgdorferi</em> (<em>s.l.</em>) in feeding larvae. We used a compilation of 1127 published field surveys in Europe, providing data for 96,586 hosts, resulting in 265,124 larvae, 72,080 nymphs and 37,726 adults. The load of immature ticks on hosts showed a significant phylogenetic signal towards the genera <em>Psammodromus</em>, <em>Podarcis,</em> and <em>Lacerta</em> (nymphs only). We hypothesize that such signal is the background hallmark of the primitive hosts associations of <em>I. ricinus</em>, probably in the glaciation refugia. A secondary phylogenetic signal for tick immatures appeared for some genera of Rodentia and Eulipotyphla. Results suggest the notion that the tick gained these hosts after spread from glaciation refugia. Analyses support a phylogenetic signal in the tick adults, firmly linked to Cetartiodactyla, but not to Carnivora or Aves. This study provides the first demonstration of host preferences in the generalist tick <em>I. ricinus</em>. We further demonstrate that combinations of vertebrates contribute in different proportions supporting the tick life-cycle in biogeographical regions of the Western Palaearctic as each region has unique combinations of dominant hosts. Analysis of the amplification of <em>B. burgdorferi</em> (<em>s.l.</em>) demonstrated that each genospecies is better amplified by competent reservoirs with which a strong phylogenetic signal exists. These vertebrates are the same along the spatial range: environmental traits do not change the reservoirs along the large territory studied. The transmission of <em>B. burgdorferi</em> (<em>s.l.</em>) is amplified by a few species of vertebrates, that share biogeographical regions with the tick vector in variable proportions.</p></div>\",\"PeriodicalId\":94311,\"journal\":{\"name\":\"Current research in parasitology & vector-borne diseases\",\"volume\":null,\"pages\":null},\"PeriodicalIF\":1.7000,\"publicationDate\":\"2024-01-01\",\"publicationTypes\":\"Journal Article\",\"fieldsOfStudy\":null,\"isOpenAccess\":false,\"openAccessPdf\":\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2667114X24000293/pdfft?md5=c06e143cc575b9f61b1cd5e0e681df9a&pid=1-s2.0-S2667114X24000293-main.pdf\",\"citationCount\":\"0\",\"resultStr\":null,\"platform\":\"Semanticscholar\",\"paperid\":null,\"PeriodicalName\":\"Current research in parasitology & vector-borne diseases\",\"FirstCategoryId\":\"1085\",\"ListUrlMain\":\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2667114X24000293\",\"RegionNum\":0,\"RegionCategory\":null,\"ArticlePicture\":[],\"TitleCN\":null,\"AbstractTextCN\":null,\"PMCID\":null,\"EPubDate\":\"\",\"PubModel\":\"\",\"JCR\":\"Q3\",\"JCRName\":\"PARASITOLOGY\",\"Score\":null,\"Total\":0}","platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Current research in parasitology & vector-borne diseases","FirstCategoryId":"1085","ListUrlMain":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2667114X24000293","RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":null,"ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"Q3","JCRName":"PARASITOLOGY","Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
摘要
蓖麻蜱寄生于多种脊椎动物。这些宿主对蜱不同生命阶段的摄食有不同的相对贡献,它们之间的相互作用在蜱传病原体的传播动态中至关重要。我们的目的是了解蓖麻蜱的取食和繁殖宿主是否存在独立于其他特征的系统发育信号,以及取食幼虫中布氏杆菌(S.l.)的扩增。我们汇编了欧洲已发表的 1127 项实地调查,提供了 96,586 个宿主的数据,其中包括 265,124 只幼虫、72,080 只若虫和 37,726 只成虫。宿主上的未成熟蜱载量显示出明显的系统发育信号,即Psammodromus属、Podarcis属和Lacerta属(仅若虫)。我们推测,这种信号是蓖麻蜱原始宿主关联的背景标志,可能发生在冰川期的避难所。在啮齿目和乙型蜱科的一些属中,出现了蜱幼体的次要系统发育信号。研究结果表明,蜱是从冰川期避难地扩散后才获得这些宿主的。分析结果支持蜱成虫的系统发育信号,它与鲸目(Cetartiodactyla)有牢固的联系,但与食肉目(Carnivora)或鸟类(Aves)没有联系。这项研究首次证明了通食性蜱 I. ricinus 的宿主偏好。我们进一步证明,在古北半球西部的生物地理区域,脊椎动物的组合以不同的比例支持着蜱的生命周期,因为每个区域都有独特的优势宿主组合。对 B. burgdorferi(s.l.)扩增的分析表明,每个基因种在有能力的宿主那里都能得到更好的扩增,这些宿主存在着很强的系统发育信号。这些脊椎动物在整个空间范围内都是一样的:在所研究的大片区域内,环境特征并没有改变储库。少数几种脊椎动物扩大了布氏杆菌的传播,这些脊椎动物与蜱媒介以不同的比例共享生物地理区域。
A crucial nexus: Phylogenetic versus ecological support of the life-cycle of Ixodes ricinus (Ixodoidea: Ixodidae) and Borrelia spp. amplification
The tick Ixodes ricinus parasitizes a wide range of vertebrates. These hosts vary in the relative contribution to the feeding of the different tick life stages, and their interplay is pivotal in the transmission dynamics of tick-borne pathogens. We aimed to know if there is a phylogenetic signal in the feeding and propagation hosts of I. ricinus, independently of other traits, as well as in the amplification of Borrelia burgdorferi (s.l.) in feeding larvae. We used a compilation of 1127 published field surveys in Europe, providing data for 96,586 hosts, resulting in 265,124 larvae, 72,080 nymphs and 37,726 adults. The load of immature ticks on hosts showed a significant phylogenetic signal towards the genera Psammodromus, Podarcis, and Lacerta (nymphs only). We hypothesize that such signal is the background hallmark of the primitive hosts associations of I. ricinus, probably in the glaciation refugia. A secondary phylogenetic signal for tick immatures appeared for some genera of Rodentia and Eulipotyphla. Results suggest the notion that the tick gained these hosts after spread from glaciation refugia. Analyses support a phylogenetic signal in the tick adults, firmly linked to Cetartiodactyla, but not to Carnivora or Aves. This study provides the first demonstration of host preferences in the generalist tick I. ricinus. We further demonstrate that combinations of vertebrates contribute in different proportions supporting the tick life-cycle in biogeographical regions of the Western Palaearctic as each region has unique combinations of dominant hosts. Analysis of the amplification of B. burgdorferi (s.l.) demonstrated that each genospecies is better amplified by competent reservoirs with which a strong phylogenetic signal exists. These vertebrates are the same along the spatial range: environmental traits do not change the reservoirs along the large territory studied. The transmission of B. burgdorferi (s.l.) is amplified by a few species of vertebrates, that share biogeographical regions with the tick vector in variable proportions.