微重力对作为免疫系统多功能要素的肥大细胞的影响

A. A. Zhukov, N. Alexeeva, D. A. Sokolov, A. Kvaratskheliya, A. K. Nagovitsin
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摘要

所提交的文献综述专门讨论了太空飞行因素之一--微重力对免疫系统各种要素,特别是肥大细胞(MCs)的影响问题。肥大细胞是先天性免疫的组成部分之一。它们几乎无处不在,主要靠近血管和神经。它们的数量主要集中在与外部环境交界的器官和组织中。MCs 最先与入侵的病原体发生作用。MCs 活化后会释放多种生物活性物质,如肝素、组胺、糜蛋白酶、胰蛋白酶、白三烯 LTB4、LTD4、PDG2 和 PAF,细胞因子 IL-10、IL-8、IL-5、IL-3、IL-1、GM-CSF、TGF-β、血管内皮生长因子和肿瘤坏死因子 TNF-α。MCs 会导致过敏、心血管和肿瘤疾病、呼吸系统和胃肠道疾病的发生。微重力等众多航天因素会对免疫系统产生负面影响。这种影响会影响免疫细胞(巨噬细胞、单核细胞、中性粒细胞、T 和 B 淋巴细胞、树突状细胞和 NK 细胞)的整个发育过程,包括其增殖、分化、活化和新陈代谢。数据显示,微重力对 MCs 的影响表现为细胞凋亡增加、增殖减少以及脱颗粒和细胞因子分泌紊乱。包括 MCs 在内的免疫细胞在微重力条件下的形态功能变化与其他哺乳动物细胞发生的变化相关,包括诱导凋亡、细胞骨架变化、信号通路紊乱、细胞分化、生长、增殖、迁移和粘附。
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The effect of microgravity on mast cells as a multifunctional element of the immune system
The presented literature review is devoted to the problem of the influence of one of the space flight factors – microgravity on various elements of the immune system, in particular, mast cells (MCs). MCs are one of the parts of innate immunity. They are located in tissues almost everywhere, mainly in close proximity to blood vessels and nerves. Their numbers predominate in organs and tissues located on the border with the external environment. MCs are among the first to interact with invading pathogens. Activation of MCs leads to the release of a wide range of biologically active substances, such as heparin, histamine, chymase, tryptase, leukotrienes LTB4, LTD4, PDG2 and PAF, cytokines IL-10, IL-8, IL-5, IL-3, IL-1 , GM-CSF, TGF-β, VEGF and tumor necrosis factor TNF-α. MCs contribute to the development of allergies, cardiovascular and oncological pathologies, diseases of the respiratory system, and gastrointestinal tract. Numerous factors of spaceflight, such as microgravity, have a negative impact on the immune system. This effect affects the entire development process of immune cells (macrophages, monocytes, neutrophils, T and B lymphocytes, dendritic cells and NK cells), including their proliferation, differentiation, activation, and metabolism. Data is provided that the effect of microgravity on MCs manifests in increased apoptosis, decreased proliferation, as well as disruption of degranulation and secretion of cytokines. Morphofunctional changes in immune cells, including MCs, under microgravity conditions correlate with changes that occur in other mammalian cells and include the induction of apoptosis, changes in the cytoskeleton, disturbances in signaling pathways, cell differentiation, growth, proliferation, migration and adhesion.
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