将 "暴露 "和 "与海岸的距离 "脱钩,解决 "近海水产养殖 "问题

B. Buck, Hans V. Bjelland, Abigail Bockus, Michael Chambers, Barry A. Costa-Pierce, Tobias Dewhurst, Joao G. Ferreira, H. M. Føre, David W. Fredriksson, Nils Goseberg, John Holmyard, Wolf Isbert, G. Krause, Till Markus, Nikos Papandroulakis, Tyler Sclodnick, Bill Silkes, Åsa Strand, Max Troell, Daniel Wieczorek, S. W. K. van den Burg, Kevin G. Heasman
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引用次数: 0

摘要

近海 "和 "公海 "这两个术语被用来描述离海岸较远或处于高能环境中的水产养殖地点。这两个术语在科学文献和法律背景中都没有明确定义,经常交替使用。这些术语和其他相关术语(如 "暴露"、"高能量")指的是场地的各个方面,如与海岸或基础设施的地理距离、暴露于大浪和强流的程度、地理落差、水深或这些参数的某些组合。因此,国际海洋考察理事会(ICES,2024年)开阔洋水产养殖工作组(WGOOA)认为有必要对术语进行定义,以减少这些类型水产养殖地点的模糊性,或者更准确地说,是为了:(1)促进共同理解,避免不同分类的误用;(2)使监管者能够确定海洋场址的特征;(3)使养殖者能够评估或定量比较开发场址;(4)使开发者和生产者能够确定设备和船只需要运行的操作参数;(5)为保险者和投资者提供术语,以一致评估风险和保险费;(6)避免出现在公众讨论中对术语的不同认知解释。本文描述了 "离岸水产养殖 "术语使用的演变过程,并定义了最相关的参数,以转向更明确、更有力的术语 "暴露水产养殖",从而传递更清晰的信息。采用 "暴露 "这一更明确的定义,将使用户能够定义一个地点,而不仅仅是与海岸的距离。讨论了这些术语的主要区别和重要性,它们影响着不同的利益群体。本汇编还收录了来自 WGOOA 科学成员以及国际海洋考察理事会以外的其他科学家的后续文章,这些文章制定了一套定义和严格的暴露指数。
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Resolving the term “offshore aquaculture” by decoupling “exposed” and “distance from the coast”
The terms “offshore” and “open ocean” have been used to describe aquaculture sites that are further from the coast or in higher energy environments. Neither term has been clearly defined in the scientific literature nor in a legal context, and the terms are often used interchangeably. These and other related terms (for example “exposed”, “high-energy”) variously refer to aspects of a site such as the geographic distance from shore or infrastructure, the level of exposure to large waves and strong currents, the geographic fetch, the water depth, or some combination of these parameters. The ICES Working Group (ICES, 2024) on Open Ocean Aquaculture (WGOOA) therefore identified a need to define the terminology to reduce ambiguity for these types of aquaculture sites or more precisely, to: (1) promote a common understanding and avoid misuse for different classifications; (2) enable regulators to identify the characteristics of a marine site; (3) allow farmers to be able to assess or quantitatively compare sites for development; (4) equip developers and producers to identify operational parameters in which the equipment and vessels will need to operate; (5) provide insurers and investors with the terminology to consistently assess risk and premiums; and (6) circumvent the emergence of narratives that root in different cognitive interpretations of the terminology in public discourse. This paper describes the evolution of the use of the term “offshore aquaculture” and define the most relevant parameters to shift to a more definitive and robust term “exposed aquaculture” that can inherently relay clearer information. Adoption of this more definitive definition of “exposed” will allow the user to define a site with more than just distance from shore. Key differences and the importance of these terms are discussed that affect various interest groups. Follow-up articles in this compilation from scientific members of the WGOOA as well as other scientists outside ICES are incorporated that develop a set of definitions and a rigorous exposure index.
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