Attitudes, Beliefs, Barriers, and Facilitators of Emergency Department Nurses Toward Patients with Opioid Use Disorder and Naloxone Distribution.

Introduction: As opioid overdose deaths continue to rise, the emergency department (ED) remains an important point of contact for many at risk for overdose. In this study our purpose was to better understand the attitudes, beliefs, and knowledge of ED nurses in caring for patients with opioid use disorder (OUD). We hypothesized a difference in training received and attitudes toward caring for patients with OUD between nurses with <5 years and ≥6 years of clinical experience.

Methods: We conducted a survey among ED nurses in a large academic medical center from May-July 2022. All ED staff nurses were surveyed. Data entry instruments for the nursing surveys were programmed in Qualtrics, and we analyzed results R using a chi-square test or Fisher exact test to compare nurses with <5 years and ≥6 years of clinical experience. A P-value of < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.

Results: We distributed 74 surveys, and 69 were completed (93%). Attitudes toward naloxone distribution from the ED were positive, with 72% of respondents reporting they were "very" or "extremely" supportive of distributing naloxone kits to individuals at risk of overdose. While attitudes were positive, barriers included limited time, lack of system support, and cost. Level of comfort in caring for patients with OUD was high, with 78% of respondents "very" or "extremely" comfortable. More education is needed on overdose education and naloxone distribution (OEND) with respondents 38% and 45% "a little" or "somewhat" comfortable, respectively. Nurses with <5 years of experience reported receiving more training on OEND in nursing school compared to those with ≥6 years of experience (P = 0.03). There were no significant differences in reported attitudes, knowledge, or comfort in caring for patients with OUD.

Conclusion: In this single-center survey, we found ED nurses were supportive of overdose education and naloxone distribution. There are opportunities for targeted education and addressing systemic barriers to OEND. All interventions should be evaluated to gauge impact on knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors.