Recent advances in local and systemic nitrate signaling in Arabidopsis thaliana

Nitrate is the most abundant form of inorganic nitrogen in aerobic soils, serving both as a nutrient and a signaling molecule. Central to nitrate signaling in higher plants is the intricate balance between local and systemic signaling and response pathways. The interplay between local and systemic responses allows plants to regulate their global gene expression, metabolism, physiology, growth, and development under fluctuating nitrate availability. This review offers an overview of recent discoveries regarding new players on nitrate sensing and signaling, in local and systemic contexts in Arabidopsis thaliana. Additionally, it addresses unanswered questions that warrant further investigation for a better understanding of nitrate signaling and responses in plants.