Current opinion in plant biology最新文献

Some assembly required: Modularity and programmability as keys to decoupling growth-defence trade-offs in plants. 一些组装要求：模块化和可编程性是解耦植物生长-防御权衡的关键。

IF 7.5 2区生物学 Q1 PLANT SCIENCES

Current opinion in plant biology

Pub Date : 2026-01-14 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2025.102811

Rachelle R Q Lee, Donghui Hu, Eunyoung Chae

Growth-defence trade-off has long been considered an inevitable consequence of resource competition in plants. However, emerging evidence from autoimmune mutants and helper NLR studies reveals this paradigm to be fundamentally incomplete. Rather than simple resource limitation, plants coordinate growth-defence balance through programmable transcriptional networks centred on regulatory hubs such as the EDS1-PAD4-ADR1 (EPA) complex. Meta-analysis across diverse immune contexts demonstrates that defence and growth genes exhibit a remarkably consistent relationship, operating through segregated yet coordinated molecular modules. The discovery that ADR1 helper NLRs simultaneously enhance immune responses whilst actively suppressing growth-related genes-rather than competing passively for shared resources-exposes the coordinated nature of this trade-off. Networks downstream of ADR1 also exhibit remarkable regulatory exclusivity, and this modular organisation, combined with proof-of-concept successes in decoupling immunity from growth penalties through targeted genetic interventions, challenges the zero-sum assumption underlying current crop improvement strategies. Understanding these conserved regulatory circuits opens unprecedented opportunities for engineering optimised plant immunity without yield penalties, transforming agriculture from accepting inevitable trade-offs to programming flexible resource allocation.

长期以来，生长与防御的权衡一直被认为是植物资源竞争的必然结果。然而，来自自身免疫突变体和辅助NLR研究的新证据表明，这种范式从根本上说是不完整的。植物不是简单的资源限制，而是通过以EDS1-PAD4-ADR1 （EPA）复合体等调控枢纽为中心的可编程转录网络来协调生长-防御平衡。对不同免疫环境的荟萃分析表明，防御和生长基因表现出显著一致的关系，通过分离但协调的分子模块运作。ADR1辅助性nlr在增强免疫反应的同时积极抑制生长相关基因，而不是被动地竞争共享资源，这一发现揭示了这种权衡的协调本质。ADR1下游的网络也表现出显著的监管排他性，这种模块化组织，加上通过有针对性的遗传干预将免疫与生长惩罚脱钩的概念验证成功，挑战了当前作物改良策略背后的零和假设。了解这些保守的调控回路为在不影响产量的情况下优化植物免疫提供了前所未有的机会，将农业从接受不可避免的权衡转变为规划灵活的资源分配。

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引用次数: 0

Gene expression scaling with cell size: Insights across kingdoms 基因表达随细胞大小缩放：跨王国的见解。

IF 7.5 2区生物学 Q1 PLANT SCIENCES

Current opinion in plant biology

Pub Date : 2026-01-12 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2025.102852

Alejandro Fonseca, Stefanie Rosa

Gene expression is typically studied on a gene-by-gene basis, with regulation analyzed primarily in response to environmental or developmental cues. In contrast, much less is known about how intrinsic factors, such as cell size or DNA content, influence global gene expression patterns. Cell size varies significantly across different cell types and dynamically changes during the cell cycle. To maintain proper intracellular concentrations of biomolecules such as mRNAs and proteins, gene expression must be coordinated with cell size. Emerging evidence from diverse organisms, including bacteria, yeast, animals, and plants, demonstrates that transcriptional output scales with cell size, suggesting a conserved principle of gene regulation. However, the mechanisms by which cells sense their size and modulate gene expression accordingly remain poorly understood. In this review, we summarize recent advances in uncovering the molecular and cellular principles of gene expression scaling with cell size across kingdoms. We also highlight key open questions in the field, with a particular emphasis on how plant systems, still underexplored in this context, can provide additional insights into the fundamental principles of size-dependent gene regulation.

基因表达通常是在一个基因一个基因的基础上进行研究，主要是根据环境或发育线索分析调控。相比之下，人们对细胞大小或DNA含量等内在因素如何影响整体基因表达模式知之甚少。细胞大小在不同的细胞类型中变化很大，并且在细胞周期中动态变化。为了维持适当的细胞内生物分子浓度，如mrna和蛋白质，基因表达必须与细胞大小相协调。来自不同生物（包括细菌、酵母、动物和植物）的新证据表明，转录输出随细胞大小而变化，表明基因调控的保守原则。然而，细胞感知其大小并相应地调节基因表达的机制仍然知之甚少。在这篇综述中，我们总结了最近的进展，揭示基因表达的分子和细胞原理与跨越王国的细胞大小缩放。我们还强调了该领域的关键开放问题，特别强调了在这种背景下仍未充分探索的植物系统如何能够为大小依赖性基因调控的基本原理提供额外的见解。

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引用次数: 0

Divergent routes to specialization: Guard cells, myrosin cells, and beyond 分化途径：保卫细胞、黑素细胞等

IF 7.5 2区生物学 Q1 PLANT SCIENCES

Current opinion in plant biology

Pub Date : 2026-01-09 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2025.102853

Yuta Horiuchi, Makoto Shirakawa

Plant cell type diversity often arises from transcriptional regulatory programs that co-opt conserved transcription factors (TFs) involved in other developmental programs. For example, the basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) TF FAMA directs the differentiation of guard cells (GCs), and part of the FAMA regulatory network was co-opted to direct the differentiation of Brassicales-specific idioblasts known as myrosin cells (MCs). In this review, we explore how new cell types and lineage-specific innovations can be specified by the same conserved bHLH TFs through different sets of downstream targets. We discuss how two direct targets of FAMA, WASABI MAKER (WSB) and STOMATAL CARPENTER 1 (SCAP1), have different effects on cell differentiation: sequential WSB–SCAP1 activation ensures GC maturation, whereas sustained WSB activity suppresses GC identity and establishes MC identity by activating the WSB target gene CELL CYCLE SWITCH PROTEIN 52 A1. We summarize the results of a single-cell transcriptome deep sequencing analysis that uncovered unexpected MCs in Arabidopsis thaliana roots that appear to be derived from phloem lineages rather than ground meristem in a process potentially regulated by the FAMA–WSB module, highlighting the developmental flexibility of these cell types. We discuss the finding that a FAMA-like regulator in the liverwort Marchantia polymorpha was co-opted for seta development, suggesting that FAMA-like factors were independently recruited multiple times across land plants. These examples collectively illustrate how conserved TFs diversify cell fates through co-option, providing a framework for addressing broader questions about cellular specialization in plants.

植物细胞类型的多样性通常源于转录调控程序，这些转录调控程序选择了参与其他发育程序的保守转录因子（TFs）。例如，基本螺旋-环-螺旋（bHLH） TF FAMA指导保护细胞（GCs）的分化，部分FAMA调节网络被用来指导十字花科植物特异性异母细胞（称为myrosin细胞（MCs））的分化。在这篇综述中，我们探讨了新的细胞类型和谱系特异性创新如何通过不同的下游靶标由相同的保守bHLH tf指定。我们讨论了FAMA的两个直接靶点WASABI MAKER （WSB）和STOMATAL CARPENTER 1 （SCAP1）如何对细胞分化产生不同的影响：顺序激活WSB - SCAP1确保GC成熟，而持续的WSB活性通过激活WSB靶基因cell CYCLE SWITCH PROTEIN 52 A1抑制GC身份并建立MC身份。我们总结了一项单细胞转录组深度测序分析的结果，该分析发现拟南芥根系中意想不到的MCs似乎来自韧皮谱系，而不是ground分生组织，这一过程可能受到FAMA-WSB模块的调节，突出了这些细胞类型的发育灵活性。我们讨论了在多态地茅（Marchantia polymorpha）中一个类似fama的调节因子被增选用于集发育的发现，这表明fama样因子在陆地植物中被多次独立募集。这些例子共同说明了保守的tf如何通过协同选择使细胞命运多样化，为解决有关植物细胞特化的更广泛问题提供了一个框架。

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引用次数: 0

mRNA methylation at the crossroads of translation, transport, and decay in plant development and stress responses mRNA甲基化在植物发育和胁迫反应中翻译、运输和衰变的十字路口

IF 7.5 2区生物学 Q1 PLANT SCIENCES

Current opinion in plant biology

Pub Date : 2026-01-07 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2025.102851

Yihan Dong , Wenna Zhang , Veli Vural Uslu

Modified nucleotides on RNAs have been investigated for over six decades for their potential role in regulating gene expression and protein synthesis across a wide range of organisms, from animals to plants and fungi, as well as in viral genetic materials. Among them, mRNA methylation stands out with its dynamic nature, which underscores the adaptability of the epitranscriptome in developmental transitions and response to environmental stress, especially in plants. Advances in next-generation sequencing methods have revealed the specific sequence contexts of mRNA methylation, uncovering their involvement in gene regulatory networks. Additionally, genetic perturbations on the writers, erasers, and readers of m⁶A and m⁵C expanded our understanding of the physiological function and the mode of action of these modifications. In this review, we highlight recent advances in understanding how mRNA fate decisions, mainly determined by m⁶A and m⁵C RNA methylation, shape stress response and development in plants.

60多年来，人们一直在研究rna上修饰的核苷酸在多种生物（从动物到植物和真菌）以及病毒遗传物质中调控基因表达和蛋白质合成的潜在作用。其中，mRNA甲基化以其动态特性而引人注目，这强调了表转录组在发育转变和对环境胁迫的响应中的适应性，特别是在植物中。新一代测序方法的进步揭示了mRNA甲基化的特定序列背景，揭示了它们参与基因调控网络。此外，对m6A和m5C的写入、删除和读取器的遗传扰动扩展了我们对这些修饰的生理功能和作用模式的理解。在这篇综述中，我们重点介绍了在理解mRNA命运决定（主要由m6A和m5C RNA甲基化决定）如何影响植物的逆境响应和发育方面的最新进展。

引用次数: 0

Stretching the boundaries: Expansion microscopy a game changer in super-resolution imaging 延伸边界：扩展显微镜是超分辨率成像的游戏规则改变者

IF 7.5 2区生物学 Q1 PLANT SCIENCES

Current opinion in plant biology

Pub Date : 2026-01-07 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2025.102848

Emmanuelle M. Bayer, Magali S. Grison

Super-resolution microscopy (SRM) has transformed the study of cellular structures, enabling imaging beyond the diffraction limit. Yet, the need for costly instrumentation has limited its accessibility. Expansion Microscopy microscopy (ExM), pioneered by Ed Boyden’s laboratory, offers an alternative by physically enlarging samples embedded within a swellable hydrogel. This simple principle makes nanoscale resolution achievable with conventional fluorescence microscopy. Since its introduction in 2015, ExM has rapidly diversified. Iterative ExM (iExM) increases resolution through repetitive expansion, chemical gel innovation enables single-step 10- to 20-fold expansion, and hybrid strategies combining ExM and SRM techniques have pushed resolution below 15 nm. ExM has now been applied to diverse biological models but its adaptation to complex plant tissues poses unique challenges due to their rigid cell walls. Recent advances in the field of plant science have started to address these obstacles, opening access to nanoscale imaging of plant cellular structures such as plasmodesmata and the mitotic spindle. In this review, we trace the development of ExM from its pioneering stages to current refinements, discuss methodological advances and hybrid approaches, examine technical limitations, and highlight emerging applications across biological models, with a particular focus on recent progress and future perspectives in plant biology.

超分辨率显微镜（SRM）已经改变了细胞结构的研究，使成像超越了衍射极限。然而，对昂贵仪器的需求限制了它的可及性。由Ed Boyden实验室首创的扩展显微镜（ExM）通过物理放大嵌入可膨胀水凝胶中的样品，提供了另一种选择。这个简单的原理使得传统的荧光显微镜可以实现纳米级的分辨率。自2015年推出以来，ExM迅速实现了多元化。迭代ExM （iExM）通过重复膨胀来提高分辨率，化学凝胶的创新使单步膨胀10到20倍，结合ExM和SRM技术的混合策略将分辨率降低到15纳米以下。ExM现已应用于多种生物模型，但由于其细胞壁坚硬，其对复杂植物组织的适应面临独特的挑战。植物科学领域的最新进展已经开始解决这些障碍，开启了对植物细胞结构（如间连丝和有丝分裂纺锤体）的纳米级成像。在这篇综述中，我们追溯了ExM的发展，从其早期阶段到目前的改进，讨论了方法的进步和混合方法，检查了技术限制，并强调了生物模型中的新兴应用，特别关注植物生物学的最新进展和未来前景。

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引用次数: 0

Multilayered regulatory control of compound leaf development 复叶发育的多层调控

IF 7.5 2区生物学 Q1 PLANT SCIENCES

Current opinion in plant biology

Pub Date : 2025-12-31 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2025.102847

Liangliang He , Liling Yang , Weiyue Zhao , Jianghua Chen

Compound leaves are characterized by their intricate structures and striking morphological diversity. This review summarizes recent advances in the molecular mechanisms of compound leaf development, highlighting the conservation and diversification of key regulatory pathways across species, with a particular focus on legume plants. The essential roles of central genetic modules, such as KNOXI, LFY/FLO, and CUC/NAM, in shaping leaf morphology are highlighted, including their interactions with hormonal signals and other key regulators. Furthermore, how the activity of these modules is translated into distinct cellular growth patterns that ultimately determine the mature leaf shape is discussed. By integrating findings from diverse species, the analysis provides insights into the multilayered regulatory interactions of genetic modules, and offers an important framework for future research directions on compound leaf development.

复叶具有结构复杂、形态多样的特点。本文综述了近年来在复叶发育分子机制方面的研究进展，重点介绍了不同物种间复叶发育关键调控途径的保存和多样性，并以豆科植物为重点。强调了KNOXI、LFY/FLO和CUC/NAM等核心遗传模块在叶片形态形成中的重要作用，包括它们与激素信号和其他关键调节因子的相互作用。此外，这些模块的活性如何转化为不同的细胞生长模式，最终决定成熟的叶片形状进行了讨论。该分析通过整合不同物种的研究成果，揭示了遗传模块的多层调控相互作用，并为未来复叶发育的研究方向提供了重要的框架。

引用次数: 0

Signaling at the interface: The cell wall, peptides, and extracellular vesicles mediate partner communication during arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis 界面信号：细胞壁、多肽和细胞外囊泡在丛枝菌根共生过程中介导伙伴通讯

IF 7.5 2区生物学 Q1 PLANT SCIENCES

Current opinion in plant biology

Pub Date : 2025-12-26 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2025.102849

Diana R. Rodriguez-Garcia , Lena Maria Müller

Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) associations of plants and Glomeromycotina soil fungi play a crucial role in all terrestrial ecosystems. In this mutually beneficial interaction, obligate biotrophic fungi acquire photosynthetically fixed carbon from the plant, while the mutualistic fungi enhance plant access to soil nutrients. AM fungi colonize the inner tissues of host roots, where they form specialized symbiotic structures (arbuscules) within fully differentiated cortex cells that are reprogrammed to host the microbe. Given the intimate nature of the interaction, extensive partner communication at the interface of plant and fungal cells is crucial for the development and functioning of AM symbiosis. The peri-arbuscular space, a specialized apoplast compartment surrounding the arbuscules, supports not only nutrient exchange between the symbiotic partners but is also the site of extensive partner crosstalk mediated by cell wall components, receptors, signaling peptides, and extracellular vesicles. Such signaling processes in the apoplast modulate plant immune responses to enable colonization by beneficial fungi, making this compartment a key player for the establishment and maintenance of AM symbiosis. In this review, we discuss recent discoveries related to the role of partner communication in the apoplast, with a focus on peptide and cell wall signaling, as well as extracellular vesicles.

植物丛枝菌根（AM）与土壤真菌丛枝菌根（Glomeromycotina soil fungi）在陆地生态系统中起着至关重要的作用。在这种互利的相互作用中，专性生物营养真菌从植物中获取光合固定碳，而互惠真菌则增加植物对土壤养分的获取。AM真菌在寄主根的内部组织中定植，在完全分化的皮层细胞中形成专门的共生结构（丛枝），这些细胞被重新编程为寄主微生物。考虑到相互作用的亲密性，植物和真菌细胞界面上广泛的伙伴交流对AM共生的发展和功能至关重要。丛枝周围空间是围绕丛枝的一个特化的外质体室，它不仅支持共生伙伴之间的营养交换，而且是细胞壁成分、受体、信号肽和细胞外囊泡介导的广泛的伙伴串扰的场所。外质体中的这种信号传导过程调节植物的免疫反应，使有益真菌能够定植，使该室成为AM共生关系建立和维持的关键角色。在这篇综述中，我们讨论了最近发现的有关伴侣通讯在外质体中的作用，重点是肽和细胞壁信号，以及细胞外囊泡。

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引用次数: 0

Cross-kingdom gene transfer as a driver of land plant evolution 跨界基因转移作为陆地植物进化的驱动力

IF 7.5 2区生物学 Q1 PLANT SCIENCES

Current opinion in plant biology

Pub Date : 2025-12-26 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2025.102850

Arie Fridrich, Nicholas A.T. Irwin

Land plant evolution has been marked by bursts of novelty, often underpinned by extensive genomic innovation. A key mechanism driving these changes is horizontal gene transfer (HGT), the process by which genes move between species and even across taxonomic kingdoms. HGT can accelerate evolutionary change through the rapid introduction of new genes yet its importance in plant biology is only beginning to be understood. Here, we review the functional contributions of HGT during the origin and diversification of land plants. We discuss the occurrence of HGT throughout plant evolution and its impact on the origin of defining traits from cell walls to developmental programs. Beyond ancient contributions, HGT continues to drive the emergence of lineage-specific innovations. Recently acquired bacterial and fungal genes make complex functional contributions to processes including stress response, pathogen defence, and development across plant phylogeny. These observations suggest that HGT was, and continues to be, a major force shaping plant evolution, exemplifying the potential significance of HGT in eukaryotic biology more broadly.

陆生植物进化的特点是新颖性的爆发，通常以广泛的基因组创新为基础。驱动这些变化的一个关键机制是水平基因转移（HGT），即基因在物种之间甚至在分类领域之间移动的过程。HGT可以通过快速引入新基因来加速进化变化，但它在植物生物学中的重要性才刚刚开始被理解。本文综述了HGT在陆地植物起源和多样化过程中的功能贡献。我们讨论了HGT在植物进化过程中的发生及其对从细胞壁到发育程序的定义性状起源的影响。除了古代的贡献，HGT继续推动特定谱系创新的出现。最近获得的细菌和真菌基因在植物系统发育过程中具有复杂的功能贡献，包括应激反应，病原体防御和发育。这些观察结果表明，HGT过去是，并将继续是塑造植物进化的主要力量，说明了HGT在真核生物生物学中更广泛的潜在意义。

引用次数: 0

Blinded by the lights? Re-examining the adaptive role of transposable elements in plants with population genomics 被灯光弄瞎了眼睛？用群体基因组学重新审视转座因子在植物中的适应性作用。

IF 7.5 2区生物学 Q1 PLANT SCIENCES

Current opinion in plant biology

Pub Date : 2025-12-20 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2025.102846

Anne C. Roulin

Transposable elements (TEs) are ubiquitous components of the genome whose mobility can be triggered by environmental stress and influenced by genotype–environment interactions. In plants, TEs constitute a substantial proportion of the genome and frequently cause large-effect mutations that impact gene regulation, methylation, and phenotype expression. These characteristics have recently positioned TEs as potential drivers of rapid local adaptation. However, this perspective is not always integrated with the broader understanding of fitness effects and neutral processes. Despite numerous associations between TEs and fitness-related traits, clear cases directly linking TE insertion, phenotype, and fitness in natural populations—i.e., genuine examples of local adaptation—remain rare in plants. Emerging population-genomic evidence presents a more complex picture: while some TE insertions may facilitate adaptation or rapid responses to environmental change, most are selected against and act as deleterious, selfish elements. The evolutionary dynamics of TEs are further modulated by genome architecture, reproductive system, and ecological context, underscoring their system-specific behavior. In this opinion piece, I argue that generalizing about the significance of TEs in local adaptation in plants is fraught with complexity and risks oversimplification. As sequencing technologies advance, integrating theoretical population genetics with large-scale comparative analyses and simulations across a wider range of species will be essential to more fully characterize the dynamics of TEs.

转座因子（te）是基因组中普遍存在的组成部分，其迁移可由环境胁迫触发，并受基因型-环境相互作用的影响。在植物中，te构成了基因组的很大一部分，并且经常引起影响基因调控、甲基化和表型表达的大效应突变。这些特征最近使TEs成为快速本地适应的潜在驱动因素。然而，这一观点并不总是与对适应度效应和中性过程的更广泛理解相结合。尽管TE与适应度相关性状之间存在许多关联，但在自然种群中，有明确的病例直接将TE插入、表型和适应度联系起来。在植物中仍然很少有真正的地方适应的例子。新出现的种群基因组证据呈现了一个更复杂的画面：虽然一些TE插入可能促进适应或对环境变化的快速反应，但大多数被选择为有害的，自私的元素。TEs的进化动态进一步受到基因组结构、生殖系统和生态环境的调节，强调了它们的系统特异性行为。在这篇观点文章中，我认为概括te在植物本地适应中的重要性充满了复杂性和过于简单化的风险。随着测序技术的进步，将理论种群遗传学与更大范围物种的大规模比较分析和模拟相结合，对于更全面地表征TEs动态至关重要。

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引用次数: 0

Bridging cells and stages: Plasmodesmata for the coordination of plant development 桥接细胞和阶段：协调植物发育的间连丝

IF 7.5 2区生物学 Q1 PLANT SCIENCES

Current opinion in plant biology

Pub Date : 2025-12-18 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2025.102843

Elmehdi Bahafid , Zoe Kathleen Barr , Rebecca Corinna Burkart , Rosanna Petrella , Rüdiger Simon

Plants are multicellular organisms in which numerous specialized cell types must communicate to function as a unified system. Plant cells are enclosed by rigid walls, and therefore, intercellular communication requires the presence of plasmodesmata (PD), cytoplasmic channels bridging neighboring cells. These structures are crucial for coordinating developmental stages across tissues. To ensure proper growth and development, the movement of signaling molecules, RNAs, proteins, and nutrients through PD must be tightly controlled, underscoring the importance of regulating their selectivity.

Despite their essential role, direct evidence for PD involvement in developmental processes is limited and the mechanisms governing PD regulation remain incompletely understood. Recent studies suggest the existence of diverse regulatory mechanisms beyond the classical callose-based model, revealing a likely complex interplay of several PD regulators across development. In this review, we summarize recent findings on the role of PD in various plant developmental programs, discuss emerging regulatory mechanisms, and highlight how much remains to be discovered.

植物是多细胞生物，其中许多专门的细胞类型必须作为一个统一的系统进行交流才能发挥作用。植物细胞被坚硬的细胞壁包围，因此，细胞间的通讯需要胞间连丝（plasmodesmata， PD）的存在，这是连接相邻细胞的细胞质通道。这些结构对于协调各组织的发育阶段至关重要。为了确保正常的生长发育，必须严格控制信号分子、rna、蛋白质和营养物质通过PD的运动，强调调节其选择性的重要性。尽管它们具有重要作用，但PD参与发育过程的直接证据有限，PD调节的机制仍然不完全清楚。最近的研究表明，除了经典的以胼胝体为基础的模型之外，还存在多种调节机制，揭示了几种PD调节机制在发育过程中可能存在复杂的相互作用。在这篇综述中，我们总结了PD在各种植物发育过程中的作用的最新发现，讨论了新兴的调控机制，并强调了还有多少有待发现。

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引用次数: 0