Louise Declercq, Janne Bouten, Matthew Van Dyck, Jan Boone, Wim Derave, Bjorn Heyse, Jan G Bourgois
{"title":"深入研究呼吸暂停新手对最大呼吸暂停、氧气和二氧化碳表的生理反应。","authors":"Louise Declercq, Janne Bouten, Matthew Van Dyck, Jan Boone, Wim Derave, Bjorn Heyse, Jan G Bourgois","doi":"10.1007/s00421-024-05563-7","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Apnea duration is dependent on three factors: oxygen storage, oxygen consumption, hypoxia and hypercapnia tolerance. While current literature focuses on maximal apneas to improve apnea duration, apnea trained individuals use timed-repeated submaximal apneas, called \"O<sub>2</sub> and CO<sub>2</sub> tables\". These tables claim to accommodate the body to cope with hypoxia and hypercapnia, respectively. The aim of this study was twofold. First, to investigate the determinants of maximal apnea duration in apnea novices. Second, to compare physiologic responses to maximal apneas, O<sub>2</sub> and CO<sub>2</sub> tables.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>After medical screening, lung function test and hemoglobin mass measurement, twenty-eight apnea novices performed three apnea protocols in random order: maximal apneas, O<sub>2</sub> table and CO<sub>2</sub> table. During apnea, peripheral oxygen saturation (SpO<sub>2</sub>), heart rate (HR), muscle (mTOI) and cerebral (cTOI) tissue oxygenation index were measured continuously. End-tidal carbon dioxide (EtCO<sub>2</sub>) was measured before and after apneas.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Larger lung volumes, higher resting cTOI and lower resting EtCO<sub>2</sub> levels correlated with longer apnea durations. Maximal apneas induced greater decreases in SpO<sub>2</sub> (- 16%) and cTOI (- 13%) than O<sub>2</sub> (- 8%; - 8%) and CO<sub>2</sub> tables (- 6%; - 6%), whereas changes in EtCO<sub>2</sub>, HR and mTOI did not differ between protocols.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>These results suggest that, in apnea novices, O<sub>2</sub> and CO<sub>2</sub> tables did not induce a more profound hypoxia and hypercapnia, but a similar reduction in oxygen consumption than maximal apneas. Therefore, apnea novices should mainly focus on maximal apneas to improve hypoxia and hypercapnia tolerance. The use of specific lung training protocols can help to increase oxygen storage capacity.</p>","PeriodicalId":12005,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Applied Physiology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.8000,"publicationDate":"2024-07-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"0","resultStr":"{\"title\":\"A dive into the physiological responses to maximal apneas, O<sub>2</sub> and CO<sub>2</sub> tables in apnea novices.\",\"authors\":\"Louise Declercq, Janne Bouten, Matthew Van Dyck, Jan Boone, Wim Derave, Bjorn Heyse, Jan G Bourgois\",\"doi\":\"10.1007/s00421-024-05563-7\",\"DOIUrl\":null,\"url\":null,\"abstract\":\"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Apnea duration is dependent on three factors: oxygen storage, oxygen consumption, hypoxia and hypercapnia tolerance. While current literature focuses on maximal apneas to improve apnea duration, apnea trained individuals use timed-repeated submaximal apneas, called \\\"O<sub>2</sub> and CO<sub>2</sub> tables\\\". These tables claim to accommodate the body to cope with hypoxia and hypercapnia, respectively. The aim of this study was twofold. First, to investigate the determinants of maximal apnea duration in apnea novices. Second, to compare physiologic responses to maximal apneas, O<sub>2</sub> and CO<sub>2</sub> tables.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>After medical screening, lung function test and hemoglobin mass measurement, twenty-eight apnea novices performed three apnea protocols in random order: maximal apneas, O<sub>2</sub> table and CO<sub>2</sub> table. During apnea, peripheral oxygen saturation (SpO<sub>2</sub>), heart rate (HR), muscle (mTOI) and cerebral (cTOI) tissue oxygenation index were measured continuously. End-tidal carbon dioxide (EtCO<sub>2</sub>) was measured before and after apneas.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Larger lung volumes, higher resting cTOI and lower resting EtCO<sub>2</sub> levels correlated with longer apnea durations. Maximal apneas induced greater decreases in SpO<sub>2</sub> (- 16%) and cTOI (- 13%) than O<sub>2</sub> (- 8%; - 8%) and CO<sub>2</sub> tables (- 6%; - 6%), whereas changes in EtCO<sub>2</sub>, HR and mTOI did not differ between protocols.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>These results suggest that, in apnea novices, O<sub>2</sub> and CO<sub>2</sub> tables did not induce a more profound hypoxia and hypercapnia, but a similar reduction in oxygen consumption than maximal apneas. Therefore, apnea novices should mainly focus on maximal apneas to improve hypoxia and hypercapnia tolerance. The use of specific lung training protocols can help to increase oxygen storage capacity.</p>\",\"PeriodicalId\":12005,\"journal\":{\"name\":\"European Journal of Applied Physiology\",\"volume\":null,\"pages\":null},\"PeriodicalIF\":2.8000,\"publicationDate\":\"2024-07-24\",\"publicationTypes\":\"Journal Article\",\"fieldsOfStudy\":null,\"isOpenAccess\":false,\"openAccessPdf\":\"\",\"citationCount\":\"0\",\"resultStr\":null,\"platform\":\"Semanticscholar\",\"paperid\":null,\"PeriodicalName\":\"European Journal of Applied Physiology\",\"FirstCategoryId\":\"3\",\"ListUrlMain\":\"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-024-05563-7\",\"RegionNum\":3,\"RegionCategory\":\"医学\",\"ArticlePicture\":[],\"TitleCN\":null,\"AbstractTextCN\":null,\"PMCID\":null,\"EPubDate\":\"\",\"PubModel\":\"\",\"JCR\":\"Q2\",\"JCRName\":\"PHYSIOLOGY\",\"Score\":null,\"Total\":0}","platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"European Journal of Applied Physiology","FirstCategoryId":"3","ListUrlMain":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-024-05563-7","RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"Q2","JCRName":"PHYSIOLOGY","Score":null,"Total":0}
A dive into the physiological responses to maximal apneas, O2 and CO2 tables in apnea novices.
Purpose: Apnea duration is dependent on three factors: oxygen storage, oxygen consumption, hypoxia and hypercapnia tolerance. While current literature focuses on maximal apneas to improve apnea duration, apnea trained individuals use timed-repeated submaximal apneas, called "O2 and CO2 tables". These tables claim to accommodate the body to cope with hypoxia and hypercapnia, respectively. The aim of this study was twofold. First, to investigate the determinants of maximal apnea duration in apnea novices. Second, to compare physiologic responses to maximal apneas, O2 and CO2 tables.
Methods: After medical screening, lung function test and hemoglobin mass measurement, twenty-eight apnea novices performed three apnea protocols in random order: maximal apneas, O2 table and CO2 table. During apnea, peripheral oxygen saturation (SpO2), heart rate (HR), muscle (mTOI) and cerebral (cTOI) tissue oxygenation index were measured continuously. End-tidal carbon dioxide (EtCO2) was measured before and after apneas.
Results: Larger lung volumes, higher resting cTOI and lower resting EtCO2 levels correlated with longer apnea durations. Maximal apneas induced greater decreases in SpO2 (- 16%) and cTOI (- 13%) than O2 (- 8%; - 8%) and CO2 tables (- 6%; - 6%), whereas changes in EtCO2, HR and mTOI did not differ between protocols.
Conclusion: These results suggest that, in apnea novices, O2 and CO2 tables did not induce a more profound hypoxia and hypercapnia, but a similar reduction in oxygen consumption than maximal apneas. Therefore, apnea novices should mainly focus on maximal apneas to improve hypoxia and hypercapnia tolerance. The use of specific lung training protocols can help to increase oxygen storage capacity.
期刊介绍:
The European Journal of Applied Physiology (EJAP) aims to promote mechanistic advances in human integrative and translational physiology. Physiology is viewed broadly, having overlapping context with related disciplines such as biomechanics, biochemistry, endocrinology, ergonomics, immunology, motor control, and nutrition. EJAP welcomes studies dealing with physical exercise, training and performance. Studies addressing physiological mechanisms are preferred over descriptive studies. Papers dealing with animal models or pathophysiological conditions are not excluded from consideration, but must be clearly relevant to human physiology.