Theory and Observation of Winds from Star-Forming Galaxies

Galactic winds shape the stellar, gas, and metal content of galaxies. To quantify their impact, we must understand their physics. We review potential wind-driving mechanisms and observed wind properties, with a focus on the warm ionized and hot X-ray-emitting gas. Energy and momentum injection by supernovae (SNe), cosmic rays, radiation pressure, and magnetic fields are considered in the light of observations:▪Emission and absorption line measurements of cool/warm gas provide our best physical diagnostics of galactic outflows.▪The critical unsolved problem is how to accelerate cool gas to the high velocities observed. Although conclusive evidence for no one mechanism exists, the momentum, energy, and mass-loading budgets observed compare well with theory.▪A model in which star formation provides a force ∼L/c, where L is the bolometric luminosity, and cool gas is pushed out of the galaxy's gravitational potential, compares well with available data. The wind power is ∼0.1 of that provided by SNe.▪The very hot X-ray-emitting phase may be a (or the) prime mover. Momentum and energy exchange between the hot and cooler phases is critical to the gas dynamics.▪Gaps in our observational knowledge include the hot gas kinematics and the size and structure of the outflows probed with UV absorption lines.Simulations are needed to more fully understand mixing, cloud–radiation, cloud–cosmic ray, andcloud–hot wind interactions, the collective effects of star clusters, and both distributed andclustered SNe. Observational works should seek secondary correlations in the wind data thatprovide evidence for specific mechanisms and compare spectroscopy with the column density–velocity results from theory.