Splenic abscesses in the new millenium - a systematic review.

Background: Isolated splenic abscesses are rare, but increasingly reported with newer organisms and changes in mechanisms involved. We conducted a comparative review of publications from 1900-1977, 1977-1986, 1987-1995, and 1996-2022.

Methods: A systematic search in Embase and PubMed resulted in 522 publications (1111 cases). Data was tabulated, analysed, and compared.

Results: Patient demographics and symptoms remain unchanged although more Asian patients were reported. Metastatic infections remain the main cause, but COVID-19-linked and iatrogenic causes post bariatric surgery and splenic artery embolization are increasingly reported. Aerobic organisms remain the commonest (68%), with a variety of exotic organisms reported. Splenectomy remains the definitive treatment, although antibiotics only and percutaneous aspiration/catheter-drainage are increasingly used with reasonable outcomes, with salvage splenectomy for therapeutic failures not having significantly higher mortality than upfront splenectomy.

Conclusions: Isolated splenic abscesses continue to be uncommon, with diagnosis requiring a high degree of suspicion. Non-surgical options for treatment can sometimes be definitive.