Mechanistic investigation of methanol-to-olefins conversion catalyzed by H-ZSM-5 zeolite: a DFT study

Context

The mechanisms for the formation of the first C − C bond and lower olefins on methanol to olefins (MTO) conversion on H-ZSM-5 had been focused in dispute. In this paper, density functional theory has been used to study the reaction mechanisms of methanol to olefins on ZSM-5. The configurations of reactants, intermediates, products and transition state of the numerous reactions involved in such a process have been optimized, as well as the elementary reactions related to these configurations were determined by the calculation of corresponding activation energy barriers and reaction heats. Here, two different kinds of the mechanisms were proposed for the formation of dimethyl ether (DME), one involving an associative interaction of two methanol molecules with the zeolite Brønsted acid sites and the other occurring via a surface methoxy species and a methanol molecule. A critical intermediate of the methoxy methyl cation was theoretically verified by the reaction of the methoxy species and dimethyl ether. Besides, it was found that the first intermediates containing a C − C bond were 1,2-dimethoxyethane and 2-methoxy-ethanolare, in which the former was formed from methoxy species with dimethyl ether and the latter was formed from methanol by onium ions((CH₃)₂O⁺CH₂CH₂OCH₃), respectively. For the whole reaction mechanism, the results in this paper indicated that the ethene formation is more favorable than propylene formation due to the low activation energy barrier for ethene formation (123.49 vs. 162.09 kJ.mol⁻¹). From these calculations, it would be concluded that ethene is the first alkene product that induces the occurrence of the hydrocarbon pool mechanism.

Methods

All the periodic density function theory (DFT) calculations were performed by the Vienna Ab Initio Simulation package (VASP). The interaction between nucleus and valence electron was described using the pseudopotentials found in the projector augmented wave (PAW) method. PBE-D3 was used in the whole DFT calculations and CI-NEB was used to locate transition state.