Damage to stone masonry buildings in historical centers due to the 2023 earthquake sequence in Turkey

Unreinforced stone masonry buildings represent a significant part of the building stock in the areas affected by the recent devastating earthquakes of 6 February 2023 in Turkey. Most of them were built before 2000, and, hence, they are not compliant with current seismic provisions. Severe damage or collapse was observed in a large number of low-rise stone masonry buildings, including many listed as monuments ones. The structural systems of masonry buildings in the historical center of two cities (namely, Gaziantep and Antakya) are presented herein, along with the typical damage observed. The causes of damage are qualitatively interpreted, wherever relevant evidence is available. To this purpose, the observed damage is compared to that occurred in other parts of the world, in structural systems similar to those of the area affected. Furthermore, the detrimental effect of inadequate pre-earthquake interventions is identified, while a critical discussion regarding frequently applied interventions, and the availability of design rules in current Codes and Guidelines, is initiated to pave the way toward efficient measures to be taken for the protection of surviving stone masonry buildings in Turkey and beyond.