Multiproxy faunal analysis of the middle – upper Eocene deposits in the Fayum area, Egypt: Insights into sequence stratigraphy, trophic conditions, and oxygenation

The Eocene epoch experienced significant fluctuations in climate, ranging from intense greenhouse warming to icehouse cooling, which profoundly impacted the global depositional systems. The middle – upper Eocene deposits in Garet Gehannam, Fayum area, Egypt, present an exciting opportunity to explore paleoenvironmental dynamics using a multiproxy dataset of calcareous nannofossils, benthic foraminifera, ostracods, and molluscan assemblages. Calcareous nannofossil biostratigraphy constrained the studied sequence to the NP17 and NP-19-20 zones. Furthermore, three 3^rd-order depositional sequences, BAR.SQ.1, BAR.SQ.2, and PR.SQ.3 were identified. The BAR.SQ.1 sequence encompasses the Gehannam Formation, with a transgressive systems tract (TST) and a highstand systems tract (HST). The BAR.SQ.2 sequence corresponds to the lower Birket Qarun Formation and exhibits a TST/HST pattern. The PR.SQ.3 sequence, however, consists solely of a TST spanning the upper Birket Qarun and Qasr El Sagha formations. The main trend of our multiproxy-based sea level curve shows an overall stepped Tethyan sea level regression within the 2^nd-order cycle. This regression is characterized by a transition from outer neritic to inner settings, interrupted by two minor 3^rd-order transgressive pulses. This sea level trend was likely driven by global eustatic changes and regional tectonic uplift related to the final collisional phase between Africa/Arabia and Eurasia, which led to the closure of the Neotethys Ocean. Multiproxy faunal analysis reveals a pronounced upsection shift from low-oxic and mesotrophic conditions to well-ventilated, oligotrophic settings tracking long-term sea level fall. The lowering of the sea level may have expanded aerobic ventilation windows on the continental shelf while potentially reducing nutrient influx. Our multiproxy sequence stratigraphic and paleoenvironmental analysis provides insights into the complex interplay of tectonic, eustatic, and climatic influences on the region during the middle – late Eocene episode along the southern Tethyan margin.