Review: Ruminant heat-stress terminology

With increasing climate variability, there is a rise in the exposure to, and incidence of, ruminant heat stress (HS), increasing the requirement for focused research. As such, precise terminology is crucial to maintain effective communication and knowledge advancement. Despite this, several key terms are currently defined inconsistently, leading to confusion and misinterpretation. This paper examines the historical and contemporary use of the terms ‘resistance’, ‘tolerance’, ‘resilience’, and ‘susceptibility’ across various disciplines, revealing significant ambiguities that hinder both research and practice. Through this comprehensive review, we propose new definitions for each term as they are used relating to HS, with a focus on ruminant production. Proposed definitions align with current scientific understanding, providing a robust framework for future research and application. As further research is conducted, we hope these definitions can be improved through the inclusion of quantitative measures which align with these classifications. This present review provides definition clarity for common heat abatement terminology, enabling consistency and from this, progress in the field to ameliorate HS for ruminants.