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Friend or foe: effects of social experience and genetic line on responses of young gilts in a social challenge paired interaction test 是敌是友:社会经验和遗传系对后备母猪在社会挑战配对交互试验中反应的影响。
IF 4 2区 农林科学 Q1 AGRICULTURE, DAIRY & ANIMAL SCIENCE Pub Date : 2024-11-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.animal.2024.101349
The increased focus on group housing of sows in commercial pig production emphasises the importance of saving appropriate gilts which later become sows that are well-adapted to group housing systems. This study aimed to assess the short-term effects of social mixing experience and genetic line on social and exploration responses of young gilts in standardised 3-min social challenge paired interaction tests. The study included 96 gilts, from 26 litters, of two different genetic lines (Swedish Yorkshire and Dutch Yorkshire). These lines were chosen because the dam lines have been selected in group-housed and individual stall systems, respectively, a background which was hypothesised to have modified their social behaviour over time. The gilts were subjected to different early (opportunity to co-mingle with piglets in the neighbouring farrowing pen vs. no opportunity to co-mingle) and late (mixed with unfamiliar piglets at weaning vs. kept with familiar littermates after weaning) social mixing treatments, to test whether the enhanced social experience was beneficial in a socially challenging situation. Paired interaction tests were conducted at 5 and 20 weeks of age, and social and exploration behaviour of the gilts was recorded and analysed. The results showed that Swedish Yorkshire gilts explored the pen fittings more than Dutch Yorkshire gilts during the 5-week test, whereas Dutch Yorkshire gilts explored the pen fittings more than Swedish Yorkshire gilts during the 20-week test. No differences in play behaviour were found during the 5-week test, but in the 20-week test, gilts with early social mixing experience in their farrowing pen showed more locomotor play behaviour than gilts without this experience. Overall, these results suggest that genetic line and early social mixing experience can influence the social and exploration behaviours of young gilts in paired interaction tests. There was no support for the hypothesis that genetic selection in different housing systems has altered social behaviour, but it may have affected the level of exploration behaviour. There was little support for our prediction that early social experience has beneficial effects in a socially challenging situation.
商业化养猪生产越来越重视母猪群养,这就强调了保存适当后备母猪的重要性,这些后备母猪日后将成为适应群养系统的母猪。本研究旨在评估在标准化的 3 分钟社交挑战配对互动测试中,社会混合经验和遗传系对后备母猪社交和探索反应的短期影响。该研究包括来自两个不同基因品系(瑞典约克夏和荷兰约克夏)26窝的96头后备母猪。之所以选择这两个品系,是因为它们的母系分别是在群居和单群饲养系统中选育出来的。对后备母猪进行了不同的早期(有机会与邻近产仔栏中的仔猪混合与没有机会混合)和晚期(断奶时与陌生仔猪混合与断奶后与熟悉的同窝仔猪混合)社会混合处理,以检验在具有社会挑战性的情况下,增强的社会经验是否有益。分别在 5 周龄和 20 周龄时进行配对互动测试,并记录和分析后备母猪的社交和探索行为。结果表明,瑞典约克夏后备母猪在5周龄测试期间比荷兰约克夏后备母猪更多地探索围栏装置,而荷兰约克夏后备母猪在20周龄测试期间比瑞典约克夏后备母猪更多地探索围栏装置。在5周试验中,玩耍行为没有发现差异,但在20周试验中,在产仔栏中有早期社会混合经验的后备母猪比没有这种经验的后备母猪表现出更多的运动玩耍行为。总之,这些结果表明,在配对互动试验中,遗传系和早期社会混群经验会影响青年后备母猪的社会和探索行为。不同饲养系统中的遗传选择改变了社会行为,但这一假设没有得到支持,但可能影响了探索行为的水平。我们关于早期社会经验在具有社会挑战性的环境中会产生有益影响的预测几乎没有得到支持。
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引用次数: 0
Development and validation of a model for early prediction of residual feed intake in beef cattle using plasma biomarkers 利用血浆生物标志物开发和验证肉牛剩余采食量早期预测模型
IF 4 2区 农林科学 Q1 AGRICULTURE, DAIRY & ANIMAL SCIENCE Pub Date : 2024-11-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.animal.2024.101354
Identification of plasma biomarkers for feed efficiency in growing beef cattle offers a promising opportunity for developing prediction models to improve precision feeding strategies. However, these models must accurately predict feed efficiency at early stages of fattening. Our study aimed to evaluate the reliability of candidate biomarkers previously identified in late-fattening cattle when analysed during early fattening stages and to develop diet-specific prediction equations for residual feed intake (RFI). From a total of 364 Charolais bulls across seven cohorts, we selected 64 animals with extreme RFI values. The animals were fed either a corn‑ or grass-silage diets. These animals were chosen from four out of the available seven cohorts. Animals from three cohorts (24 high-RFI and 24 low-RFI, having a mean RFI difference of 1.48 kg/d) were used for biomarker confirmation and prediction model training. Animals from a fourth cohort (8 high-RFI and 8 low-RFI, having a mean RFI difference of 0.98 kg/d) were used for model external validation. Blood samples were collected at the beginning of the feed efficiency test (333 ± 20 days), and plasma underwent targeted metabolomic for 630 metabolites, natural abundance of 15N (δ15N), insulin, and IGF-1 analysis. Seven previously identified plasma biomarkers for RFI in late-fattening beef cattle still kept their capability for discriminating low and high RFI animals when analysed during early fattening stages (P < 0.05). Among these confirmed biomarkers, five were common for both grass- and corn-fed animals (creatinine, β-alanine, triglyceride TG18:0_34:2, symmetric dimethyl-arginine and phosphatidylcholine PC aa C30:2) while two were diet-specific (IGF-1 for grass silage-based diet, and isoleucine for corn silage-based diet. No new plasma biomarkers of RFI were identified at early-fattening stages (false discovery rate  > 0.05). Prediction models were developed based on seven confirmed RFI biomarkers analysed during early-fattening. Two logistic regression models incorporating creatinine and either IGF-1 (for grass silage-based diet) or PC aa C30:2 (for corn silage-based diet) effectively distinguished between high− and low-RFI animals with high sensitivity and specificity (area under the curve > 0.80). The biomarkers used in the models showed moderate to high repeatability between early and late fattening stages (0.45 < r < 0.65). The models were successfully externally validated, with more than 85% of animals from the fourth cohort correctly classified. Once validated in larger cohorts and utilising cost-effective and rapid analytical methods, these models could support precision feeding and breeding programmes, aiming to reduce the cost of raising beef cattle.
鉴定生长肉牛饲料效率的血浆生物标志物为开发预测模型以改进精准饲喂策略提供了一个大有可为的机会。然而,这些模型必须准确预测肥育早期阶段的饲料效率。我们的研究旨在评估先前在后期育肥牛中发现的候选生物标志物在早期育肥阶段进行分析的可靠性,并开发特定日粮的剩余采食量(RFI)预测方程。我们从七个队列的 364 头夏洛莱公牛中挑选了 64 头 RFI 值极高的动物。这些动物饲喂玉米或青草饲料。这些动物是从现有的七个群组中的四个群组中挑选出来的。来自三个群组的动物(24 头高 RFI 动物和 24 头低 RFI 动物,平均 RFI 差值为 1.48 千克/天)被用于生物标记物确认和预测模型训练。第四组动物(8 个高 RFI 和 8 个低 RFI,平均 RFI 差值为 0.98 kg/d)用于模型外部验证。在饲料效率测试开始时(333 ± 20 天)采集血样,并对血浆中的 630 种代谢物、15N 自然丰度(δ15N)、胰岛素和 IGF-1 进行定向代谢组学分析。在早期育肥阶段进行分析时,先前确定的七种肉牛后期育肥期RFI血浆生物标志物仍具有区分低RFI和高RFI动物的能力(P <0.05)。在这些已确认的生物标志物中,有五个是草饲动物和玉米饲动物共有的(肌酐、β-丙氨酸、甘油三酯 TG18:0_34:2、对称二甲基精氨酸和磷脂酰胆碱 PC aa C30:2),而有两个是日粮特异性的(青贮草料日粮中的 IGF-1 和青贮玉米日粮中的异亮氨酸)。在早期育肥阶段,没有发现新的 RFI 血浆生物标志物(假发现率为 0.05)。根据早期育肥阶段分析的七种已确认的 RFI 生物标志物建立了预测模型。两个逻辑回归模型包含肌酐和 IGF-1(青贮饲料)或 PC aa C30:2(玉米青贮饲料),能有效区分高和低 RFI 动物,灵敏度和特异性都很高(曲线下面积为 0.80)。模型中使用的生物标志物在育肥早期和后期表现出中等到较高的重复性(0.45 < r < 0.65)。这些模型成功通过了外部验证,第四批动物中有 85% 以上被正确分类。一旦在更大的群组中得到验证,并利用具有成本效益的快速分析方法,这些模型可支持精准饲养和育种计划,从而降低肉牛饲养成本。
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引用次数: 0
Effects of oxygen levels and temperature on growth and physiology of pikeperch juveniles cultured in a recirculating aquaculture system 氧气水平和温度对循环水产养殖系统中养殖的梭子鱼幼鱼的生长和生理的影响。
IF 4 2区 农林科学 Q1 AGRICULTURE, DAIRY & ANIMAL SCIENCE Pub Date : 2024-11-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.animal.2024.101347
This study aimed to understand how environmental factors, specifically water temperature and oxygen saturation, affect the growth performance and physiology of pikeperch (Sander lucioperca) juveniles in recirculating aquaculture systems (RASs). Given the importance of optimising growth conditions in aquaculture to maximise efficiency, it aims to assess whether different combinations of oxygen levels and temperatures can enhance growth while maintaining the physiological health and welfare of the fish. The experimental design included the culturing pikeperch juveniles (22.7 ± 7.1 g) were exposed to hypoxia (78 ± 14%), normoxia (105 ± 12%), and hyperoxia (140 ± 18%) conditions for 72 days. This was conducted at two temperatures, 20 °C and 23 °C, each in a separate but identical RAS. The level of oxygen supply was controlled with micro bubble diffusers on the bottom of each tank. The hyperoxia at 23 °C positively affected total length, BW, specific growth rate, feed intake and feed conservation rate (FCR). The slowest growth and feed intake, along with the highest FCR, were observed in hypoxia at 20 °C. Fish reared under 23 °C exhibited significantly higher visceral-somatic index (3.54 ± 0.83 at 23 °C and 2.76 ± 0.73 at 20 °C) regardless of oxygen levels. It was primarily responsible for the observed growth difference (Final BW: 58.3 ± 18.8 g at 23 °C and 53.0 ± 18.3 g at 20 °C). The water temperature also affected haematocrit, haemoglobin, leucocyte count, mean corpuscular haemoglobin, mean corpuscular volume (MCV) of the blood cells; the concentration of lymphocytes, neutrophile granulocyte bands and segments. Among biochemical markers, temperature affected cytoplasmic and mitochondrial enzymes, ammonia and triglyceride levels in blood plasma. Elevated antioxidant activity was observed in muscle, intestine and liver tissues. Oxygen levels demonstrated significant effects on growth, feed intake and conversion, the MCV of the blood cells, the concentration of the glucose, lactate and ammonia in blood plasma, and antioxidant biomarkers in the liver tissue. The analysis indicated a significant effect of oxygen on energy metabolism. The results showed hyperoxia under 23 °C create conditions for the highest growth and feed intake, high feed utilisation. There are, however, concerns about the physiological conditions and welfare of intensively cultured pikeperch juveniles, as higher feed intake led to increased visceral fat content in the body, elevated antioxidant activity in the liver, muscle and intestine tissues, morphology of blood cell, and energy metabolism.
本研究旨在了解环境因素(特别是水温和氧气饱和度)如何影响梭子鱼(Sander lucioperca)幼鱼在循环水养殖系统(RAS)中的生长表现和生理机能。鉴于在水产养殖中优化生长条件以实现效益最大化的重要性,本研究旨在评估不同的氧气水平和温度组合是否能在保持鱼类生理健康和福利的同时促进其生长。实验设计包括将养殖的梭子鱼幼鱼(22.7 ± 7.1 克)置于缺氧(78 ± 14%)、常氧(105 ± 12%)和高氧(140 ± 18%)条件下 72 天。试验在 20 °C 和 23 °C 两种温度下进行,每种温度都在一个单独但相同的 RAS 中进行。氧气供应水平由每个水槽底部的微气泡扩散器控制。23 °C的高氧对总长度、体重、特定生长率、摄食量和饲料保存率(FCR)均有积极影响。在 20 °C的低氧条件下,鱼的生长速度和摄食量最慢,FCR 最高。在 23 °C条件下饲养的鱼类,无论氧气水平如何,内脏-感觉指数都明显较高(23 °C时为3.54 ± 0.83,20 °C时为2.76 ± 0.73)。这也是观察到的生长差异的主要原因(最终体重:23 °C时为58.3 ± 18.8克,20 °C时为53.0 ± 18.3克)。水温还影响血细胞比容、血红蛋白、白细胞计数、平均体细胞血红蛋白、血细胞平均体液容积(MCV)、淋巴细胞浓度、嗜中性粒细胞条带和片段。在生化指标中,温度影响血浆中的细胞质酶和线粒体酶、氨和甘油三酯水平。在肌肉、肠道和肝脏组织中观察到抗氧化活性升高。氧气水平对生长、采食量和转化率、血细胞的 MCV、血浆中葡萄糖、乳酸盐和氨的浓度以及肝组织中的抗氧化生物标志物都有显著影响。分析表明,氧气对能量代谢有显著影响。研究结果表明,23 °C下的高氧条件可为最高的生长速度和采食量、高饲料利用率创造条件。然而,密集养殖的梭子鱼幼鱼的生理条件和福利令人担忧,因为较高的饲料摄入量会导致体内内脏脂肪含量增加,肝脏、肌肉和肠道组织中的抗氧化活性、血细胞形态和能量代谢升高。
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引用次数: 0
Amylase activity across black soldier fly larvae development and feeding substrates: insights on starch digestibility and external digestion 黑翅大实蝇幼虫发育和取食基质过程中的淀粉酶活性:对淀粉消化率和外部消化的启示。
IF 4 2区 农林科学 Q1 AGRICULTURE, DAIRY & ANIMAL SCIENCE Pub Date : 2024-11-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.animal.2024.101337
Black soldier fly larvae (BSFL; Hermetia illucens) hold promise for converting biowaste into proteins and lipids for feed. Dietary starch is efficiently digested by the larvae and influences larval performance, but the mechanisms of starch digestion remain poorly understood. This study investigated changes in individual weight and amylase activity in BSFL after 4, 7 and 11 days of feeding for five substrates varying in starch content and type: chicken feed (CF), corn gluten feed (CGF), wheat bran (WB), wheat distillers grain (WDG) and discarded potatoes (DP). Substrate amylase activities were also measured with and without larvae (feeding and fermenting trays, respectively) over time in order to explore external digestion. Feed conversion ratio (FCR) and estimated digestibility (ED) of DM and starch were assessed at the end of the experiment. The ranking for best FCR was CF, WB, CGF, WDG and DP. In feeding trays, ED of DM was 69.8 ± 1.8, 59.5 ± 2.9, 58.6 ± 0.7, 45.4 ± 0.6 and 19.5 ± 0.8% in CF, DP, WB, CGF and WDG, respectively. Estimated digestibility of starch reached 100% with WB and CGF, followed by CF (88.2 ± 2.3%), DP (85.2 ± 1.2%) and WDG (43.1 ± 1.0%). Larval amylase activity increased with growth for all substrates and dropped when approaching pupation. No relationship was found between larval amylase activity and substrate starch or other nutrient content, but a negative correlation was reported with the reducing sugar content of the larvae, suggesting glucose repression of amylase production. Amylase activity decreased with time in all feeding and fermenting substrates except WDG and DP. In vitro degradation assays indicated that BSFL amylase was nine times more efficient on raw corn or wheat starch than on raw potato starch, highlighting that starch structure is a major driver of digestibility. Western blot analysis revealed the presence of BSFL amylase in the feeding substrate, hinting at external digestion. Larval amylase was purified to identify its optimal pH (5.0–6.5) and temperature (70 °C). These results highlight that starch content is not a major driver of amylase activity in BSFL and suggest that other non-investigated factors could have had a crucial impact on the activity of larval digestive enzymes, such as microbial community of the substrate and presence of amylase inhibitors. This study also provides insights into the evolution of BSFL digestive activity during their development and the occurrence of external digestion.
黑兵蝇幼虫(BSFL;Hermetia illucens)有望将生物废弃物转化为蛋白质和脂质作为饲料。幼虫能有效消化食物中的淀粉并影响幼虫的表现,但对淀粉的消化机制仍知之甚少。本研究调查了 BSFL 在饲喂 4、7 和 11 天后个体重量和淀粉酶活性的变化,这五种基质的淀粉含量和类型各不相同:鸡饲料(CF)、玉米麸质饲料(CGF)、麦麸(WB)、小麦蒸馏谷物(WDG)和废弃马铃薯(DP)。此外,还测量了幼虫(分别为饲喂盘和发酵盘)在一段时间内的底物淀粉酶活性,以探索外部消化情况。实验结束时评估了饲料转化率(FCR)以及 DM 和淀粉的估计消化率(ED)。最佳饲料转化率依次为 CF、WB、CGF、WDG 和 DP。在饲喂盘中,CF、DP、WB、CGF 和 WDG 的 DM 消化率分别为 69.8 ± 1.8、59.5 ± 2.9、58.6 ± 0.7、45.4 ± 0.6 和 19.5 ± 0.8%。WB和CGF的淀粉估计消化率达到100%,其次是CF(88.2 ± 2.3%)、DP(85.2 ± 1.2%)和WDG(43.1 ± 1.0%)。在所有基质中,幼虫淀粉酶活性随生长而增加,在接近化蛹时则下降。没有发现幼虫淀粉酶活性与基质淀粉或其他营养物质含量之间的关系,但报告称幼虫淀粉酶活性与还原糖含量呈负相关,表明葡萄糖抑制了淀粉酶的产生。除 WDG 和 DP 外,所有饲喂基质和发酵基质中的淀粉酶活性都会随着时间的推移而降低。体外降解试验表明,BSFL 淀粉酶在生玉米或小麦淀粉上的效率是生马铃薯淀粉的九倍,这突出表明淀粉结构是消化率的主要驱动因素。Western 印迹分析显示,饲喂基质中存在 BSFL 淀粉酶,这表明存在外部消化。对幼虫淀粉酶进行了纯化,以确定其最佳 pH 值(5.0-6.5)和温度(70 °C)。这些结果突出表明,淀粉含量并不是 BSFL 淀粉酶活性的主要驱动因素,并表明其他未调查的因素可能对幼虫消化酶的活性有至关重要的影响,如底物的微生物群落和淀粉酶抑制剂的存在。这项研究还有助于深入了解 BSFL 消化活性在其发育过程中的演变以及外部消化的发生。
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引用次数: 0
Comparison of predictive ability of single-trait and multitrait genomic selection models for body growth traits in Maiwa yaks 麦洼牦牛身体生长性状的单性状和多性状基因组选择模型的预测能力比较。
IF 4 2区 农林科学 Q1 AGRICULTURE, DAIRY & ANIMAL SCIENCE Pub Date : 2024-11-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.animal.2024.101350
Yaks are grazed extensively on the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau, which has a long history of semi-domestication. The predicted weight of yaks over consecutive years helps make strategic decisions when selecting yak calves for breeding. To achieve more accurate predictions of genomic estimated breeding values, we used a dataset comprising the genotype and weight records of 396 Maiwa yaks collected from 2015 to 2020. We compared the predictive accuracy of the genome best linear unbiased prediction (GBLUP) model with that of six other models. Based on the GBLUP model, we applied two prediction strategies. In the first strategy, the year was treated as a fixed effect in the GBLUP model, and the kinship from all individuals and the markers were treated as random effects. In the second strategy, all individuals were divided into six age groups, with GBLUP performed for each group, and the phenotypes of the closest age groups were treated as fixed effects. Although the GBLUP model provided better prediction accuracy than other single-trait models, most of the predictive capacity was derived from the best linear unbiased estimation. Additionally, incorporating the phenotype of the closest age group as a factor in multitrait prediction enhanced the accuracy of the model. Our findings provide a robust and credible strategy for predicting continuous economic traits in the presence of strong correlations.
牦牛在具有悠久半驯化历史的青藏高原被广泛放牧。预测牦牛连续几年的体重有助于在选择牦牛幼崽进行繁殖时做出战略性决策。为了更准确地预测基因组估计育种值,我们使用了一个数据集,其中包括从 2015 年到 2020 年收集的 396 头麦洼牦牛的基因型和体重记录。我们比较了基因组最佳线性无偏预测(GBLUP)模型与其他六个模型的预测准确性。在 GBLUP 模型的基础上,我们采用了两种预测策略。在第一种策略中,年份在 GBLUP 模型中被视为固定效应,所有个体的亲缘关系和标记被视为随机效应。在第二种策略中,所有个体被分为六个年龄组,每组进行 GBLUP,最接近年龄组的表型被视为固定效应。虽然 GBLUP 模型比其他单性状模型提供了更好的预测准确性,但大部分预测能力来自最佳线性无偏估计。此外,将最接近年龄组的表型作为多性状预测的一个因素也提高了模型的准确性。我们的研究结果为预测存在强相关性的连续经济性状提供了一种稳健可靠的策略。
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引用次数: 0
Resolving and functional analysis of RNA editing sites in sheep ovaries and associations with litter size 绵羊卵巢中 RNA 编辑位点的解析和功能分析以及与产仔数的关系
IF 4 2区 农林科学 Q1 AGRICULTURE, DAIRY & ANIMAL SCIENCE Pub Date : 2024-11-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.animal.2024.101342
Sheep litter size is a critical trait in mutton production. While litter size regulation in relation to DNA transcription have been rigorously investigated, the function of RNA editing remains less explored. To elucidate the mechanisms controlling sheep fecundity at the RNA editing level and identify pivotal RNA editing sites, this study scrutinised RNA editing sites (RESs) in follicular and luteal phases of ovaries from sheep with high and low fecundity, and the functions of population-specific RESs were subsequently analysed. A total of 2 182 475 RESs, 74.61% of which were A-to-I and C-to-U sites, were identified. These RESs were fairly evenly dispersed over the chromosomes, with 46.8% showing close clustering (inter-site distance < 300 bp). Notably, 93% were primarily situated in intronic and intergenic regions. In the follicular phase, pivotal RESs were found in the introns of genes including LPS responsive beige-like anchor, MCC regulator of Wnt signalling, and RWD domain containing 3, among others, and in the exon region of EvC ciliary complex subunit 2. In the luteal phase, RESs were observed in the introns of genes such as H/ACA ribonucleoprotein assembly factor and SDA1 domain-containing 1, and the exon and 3′UTR regions of polypeptide N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase 15 and ilvB acetolactate synthase-like, respectively. High-fecundity sheep showed RESs in the follicular phase in genes such as fibrillin 1, cyclin−dependent kinase 6, and roundabout 1, and in genes such as autophagy−related 2B and versican in the luteal phase. Thirteen RESs specific to the follicular phase and eight specific to the luteal phase were identified in high-fecundity sheep ovaries. These RESs offer promising molecular targets and enhance understanding of multiple births in sheep from the perspective of posttranscriptional alterations.
绵羊的产仔数是羊肉生产中的一个关键特征。虽然与 DNA 转录有关的产仔数调控已得到严格研究,但对 RNA 编辑功能的探索仍然较少。为了从RNA编辑水平阐明绵羊繁殖力的调控机制并确定关键的RNA编辑位点,本研究对高繁殖力绵羊和低繁殖力绵羊卵泡期和黄体期的RNA编辑位点(RES)进行了仔细研究,随后分析了种群特异性RES的功能。共鉴定出2 182 475个RES,其中74.61%为A-to-I和C-to-U位点。这些 RESs 相当均匀地分布在染色体上,46.8% 的 RESs 显示出紧密的聚类(位点间距离小于 300 bp)。值得注意的是,93%的RES主要位于内含子和基因间区域。在卵泡期,关键的 RES 位于 LPS 反应性米色样锚、MCC Wnt 信号调节器和含 RWD 结构域 3 等基因的内含子以及 EvC 纤毛复合体亚基 2 的外显子区域。在黄体期,H/ACA核糖核蛋白组装因子和含SDA1结构域的1等基因的内含子以及多肽N-乙酰半乳糖氨基转移酶15和ilvB乙酰乳酸合成酶样的外显子和3'UTR区域分别出现了RES。高繁殖力绵羊在卵泡期的纤维蛋白1、细胞周期蛋白依赖性激酶6和roundabout 1等基因中出现了RES,而在黄体期的自噬相关2B和versican等基因中出现了RES。在高繁殖力绵羊卵巢中发现了13个卵泡期特异的RES和8个黄体期特异的RES。这些RES提供了有前景的分子靶标,并从转录后改变的角度加深了对绵羊多胎的了解。
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引用次数: 0
The birthday problem: repeated sampling of animal populations and ethics of experimental design 生日问题:动物群体的重复采样与实验设计伦理。
IF 4 2区 农林科学 Q1 AGRICULTURE, DAIRY & ANIMAL SCIENCE Pub Date : 2024-11-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.animal.2024.101352
Researchers who use animals in science must balance statistical power with the need to satisfy the three Rs, whereby researchers are required to reduce numbers of animals, refine what they experience, and use alternatives to (replace) higher animals where possible. In repeated sampling over time-series studies, there is potential loss of power as well as ethics implications posed by repeated sampling of individual animals, where this cannot be managed or avoided. Here, we consider the mathematics of repeated sampling from three perspectives: that of the population at large, from the experience of the individual, and the conditional probability of sampled individuals being sampled again. The calculations are illustrated using four theoretical case studies across veterinary epidemiology with different practical implications and a provided R Shiny tool for researchers. Despite the availability of exact calculations, it is necessary to also consider the biological factors which may affect capture and recapture rates in sampling studies such as animal personality and response to capture. Researchers must also choose their question carefully to avoid inappropriate framing of ethical concerns around repeated sampling.
在科学研究中使用动物的研究人员必须在统计能力与满足 "三R "要求之间取得平衡。"三R "要求研究人员减少动物的数量,完善他们的经验,并尽可能使用替代品(取代)更多的动物。在对时间序列研究进行重复采样时,可能会出现功率损失,而且在无法管理或避免的情况下,对单个动物进行重复采样也会对伦理产生影响。在此,我们将从三个角度考虑重复取样的数学问题:整个种群的角度、个体经验的角度以及被取样个体再次被取样的条件概率。计算方法通过兽医流行病学中四个具有不同实际意义的理论案例研究和为研究人员提供的 R Shiny 工具进行了说明。尽管有精确的计算方法,但在取样研究中还必须考虑可能影响捕获率和再捕获率的生物因素,如动物的个性和对捕获的反应。研究人员还必须谨慎选择问题,以避免重复取样中出现不恰当的伦理问题。
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引用次数: 0
Short communication: Do veterinary diagnoses coming from electronic recording system of veterinary treatments have the potential to be used for breeding in small populations? The case of the dual-purpose Alpine Grey cattle breed 简短交流:来自兽医治疗电子记录系统的兽医诊断是否有可能用于小种群的育种?高山灰牛两用品种的案例
IF 4 2区 农林科学 Q1 AGRICULTURE, DAIRY & ANIMAL SCIENCE Pub Date : 2024-10-09 DOI: 10.1016/j.animal.2024.101351
In cattle breeding, emphasis has historically been placed on productive traits, so-called primary traits, while health and fitness traits have been overlooked due to their low heritability and partly negative genetic correlations with productivity. In addition, the recording of phenotypes caused problems due to a lack of high-quality information and / or high costs of recording. This oversight has additionally led to increased incidences of fertility issues and health problems in cattle populations, resulting in economic losses and consumer concerns regarding animal welfare and food safety. This study investigates the potential use of veterinary diagnoses, collected via the Italian electronic recording system of veterinary treatments, for breeding decisions in the local dual-purpose Alpine Grey cattle breed for which the consideration of functional traits in breeding has also become imperative over the last years. The dataset comprised 97 821 records spanning from 2021 to 2023, representing 8 273 individuals and 18 110 lactations of the Alpine Grey breed. Each record documented the administration of treatments for mammary, respiratory, and urogenital pathologies. After data editing and model development, heritability estimates were obtained for each pathology using univariate linear animal models and gibbs sampling algorithms. Results indicate that mammary pathologies affected the highest number of cows (11%), followed by respiratory (4%) and urogenital (5%) pathologies. Heritability estimates ranged from 0.01 to 0.04 across all traits, confirming generally low heritability values. Respiratory pathologies exhibited the highest heritability (0.04; sd 0.04), followed by mammary (0.03; sd 0.01) and urogenital (0.01; sd 0.01) pathologies. This study, although preliminary, provides valuable insights into the health status of local dual-purpose Alpine Grey cattle and highlights the potential of considering veterinary diagnoses for improving animal health and welfare in dairy cattle breeding. However, the low heritability of these traits, which is consistent with literature data, clearly shows the current limitations of using them for breeding. Further, the diagnostic key of the Italian electronic recording system of veterinary treatments should be specified for the use of health data for breeding purposes, as it is formulated in too general manner in its current form. Nevertheless, their significance for animal welfare and economic sustainability underlines the need for their consideration in dairy cattle breeding. Therefore, further research with larger sample sizes and consideration of additional indicators, such as somatic cell counts, is recommended to enhance the accuracy of genetic evaluations and improve breeding strategies for sustainable cattle production.
在牛的育种过程中,生产性状(即所谓的主要性状)历来是育种的重点,而健康和体能性状则因其遗传率低以及与生产率存在部分负遗传相关性而被忽视。此外,由于缺乏高质量的信息和/或记录成本过高,表型记录也造成了问题。这种疏忽还导致牛群中繁殖力问题和健康问题的发生率上升,造成经济损失,并引起消费者对动物福利和食品安全的担忧。本研究调查了通过意大利兽医治疗电子记录系统收集的兽医诊断结果在当地两用高山灰牛品种育种决策中的潜在用途。数据集包括从 2021 年到 2023 年的 97 821 条记录,代表了 8 273 头阿尔卑斯灰牛和 18 110 个泌乳期。每条记录都记录了对乳腺、呼吸道和泌尿生殖系统病症的治疗情况。经过数据编辑和模型开发,利用单变量线性动物模型和吉布斯抽样算法获得了每种病症的遗传率估计值。结果表明,乳腺病变影响的奶牛数量最多(11%),其次是呼吸系统病变(4%)和泌尿生殖系统病变(5%)。所有性状的遗传率估计值从 0.01 到 0.04 不等,证实遗传率值普遍较低。呼吸系统病变的遗传率最高(0.04;sd 0.04),其次是乳腺(0.03;sd 0.01)和泌尿生殖系统(0.01;sd 0.01)病变。这项研究虽然是初步的,但为了解当地两用高山灰牛的健康状况提供了宝贵的信息,并强调了在奶牛育种中考虑兽医诊断以改善动物健康和福利的潜力。然而,这些性状的遗传率较低,与文献数据一致,这清楚地表明了目前将这些性状用于育种的局限性。此外,意大利兽医治疗电子记录系统的诊断关键点应明确用于育种目的的健康数据,因为其目前的形式过于笼统。尽管如此,健康数据对动物福利和经济可持续性的重要意义还是凸显了在奶牛育种中考虑健康数据的必要性。因此,建议进一步开展样本量更大的研究,并考虑体细胞数等其他指标,以提高遗传评估的准确性,改进育种策略,实现可持续的牛生产。
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引用次数: 0
Review: The need for holistic, sector-tailored sustainability assessments for milk- and plant-based beverages. 回顾:需要对牛奶和植物饮料进行全面的、针对具体行业的可持续性评估。
IF 4 2区 农林科学 Q1 AGRICULTURE, DAIRY & ANIMAL SCIENCE Pub Date : 2024-10-05 DOI: 10.1016/j.animal.2024.101348
E Maree, J N Blignaut, C J L Du Toit, H H Meissner, P Ederer

Sustainable food systems encompass nutrition, the environment and socioeconomics, each aspect requiring unique assessment and consideration. This is especially important in the dairy industry, since livestock contributes 14.5% of global greenhouse emissions while also contributing 49% to global calcium supply and 12% to global protein supply. This necessitates strict measurement to ensure science-based decision-making while producing sustainably, ensuring adequate nutrient supply. This review aimed to identify and evaluate existing measures of sustainability with the goal to generate recommendations for future sustainability measurements. From a nutritional perspective, it identified existing measures such as nutritional life-cycle analysis, hybrid nutrient-rich food index, nutrient-rich food adjusted for adequate intake and nutrient deficiencies, as well as the priority micronutrient density score, as methods which consider broader nutrient profiles and utilise more recent research, and therefore serve as a basis for future models. Major limitations exist in the incorporation of bioavailability or the food matrix effect in such measures, as well as food-group-specific indices. The Prospective Urban Rural Epidemiology healthy diet score also provides promise in serving as an updated version of current dietary guidelines. Environmentally, the life cycle analysis approach forms a detailed basis for environmental footprint assessment, although the practical application thereof in modern agriculture may be cumbersome and may warrant the use of simpler metrics. However, the complexity of sustainability assessments due to differing production methods and system boundaries makes comparisons difficult, which justifies either standardised or contextualised indices. Lastly, socioeconomics which are often measured only via retail price with a focus on economics also deserves consideration of affordability at consumer and producer level by evaluating the effect of the production system on the local and global economy, producer affordability and the potential to improve livelihoods. In conclusion, a localised and holistic measure of sustainability is warranted which is both sector and context-specific and reported in sufficient detail to prevent the masking of poor results due to single metric expressions.

可持续食品系统包括营养、环境和社会经济,每个方面都需要独特的评估和考虑。这一点在乳制品行业尤为重要,因为畜牧业占全球温室气体排放量的 14.5%,同时还占全球钙供应量的 49%和全球蛋白质供应量的 12%。这就需要进行严格的测量,以确保在可持续生产的同时做出科学决策,保证充足的营养供应。本综述旨在确定和评估现有的可持续发展衡量标准,目的是为未来的可持续发展衡量标准提出建议。从营养学的角度来看,它确定了营养生命周期分析、富含营养的混合食物指数、根据充足摄入量和营养素缺乏症调整的富含营养的食物以及优先微量营养素密度评分等现有衡量标准,这些方法考虑了更广泛的营养概况,并利用了最新的研究成果,因此可作为未来模型的基础。在将生物利用率或食物基质效应纳入此类测量方法以及特定食物组指数方面,存在着很大的局限性。前瞻性城乡流行病学健康饮食评分也有望成为当前膳食指南的更新版。在环境方面,生命周期分析方法为环境足迹评估奠定了详细的基础,尽管在现代农业中实际应用可能比较麻烦,可能需要使用更简单的指标。不过,由于生产方式和系统边界不同,可持续性评估也很复杂,因此很难进行比较,这就需要采用标准化或情景化指数。最后,社会经济学通常只通过零售价来衡量,侧重于经济学,也值得通过评估生产系统对当地和全球经济的影响、生产者的负担能力以及改善生计的潜力,来考虑消费者和生产者的负担能力。总之,需要对可持续性进行本地化的整体衡量,这种衡量既要针对具体行业,又要针对具体情况,并要有足够详细的报告,以防止因单一指标的表达方式而掩盖不良结果。
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引用次数: 0
Genome-wide association studies for milk production traits in two autochthonous Aosta cattle breeds 对两个本土奥斯塔牛种的产奶性状进行全基因组关联研究。
IF 4 2区 农林科学 Q1 AGRICULTURE, DAIRY & ANIMAL SCIENCE Pub Date : 2024-10-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.animal.2024.101322
Genome-wide association studies (GWASs) are used to identify quantitative trait loci for phenotypic traits of interest. The use of multilocus mixed models allows to correct for population stratification and account for long-range linkage disequilibrium. In this study, GWASs were conducted to identify the genetic bases of milk production (milk yield, protein and fat composition, and yield) in two autochthonous dual-purpose cattle breeds from the Aosta Valley. Using either the breeding values or the deregressed proofs, common significative single nucleotide polymorphisms have been identified for milk yield, protein percentage, and fat percentage. Two major quantitative trait loci regions have been identified on the chromosomes 5 and 14 for the fat percentage, harbouring the MGST1, CYHR1, VPS28, and CPSF1 genes. For the protein percentage, a candidate region has been identified on BTA 6; in this region, the CSN1S1, CSN2, HSTN, CSN3, and RUFY3 genes are annotated. Most of the identified genes have already been associated with milk composition in other studies on cosmopolitan and local cattle. These results show that the genes involved in milk composition quantitative traits in the Aosta cattle are common also in other cattle breeds and they can be further investigated with the use of whole genome sequencing data.
全基因组关联研究(GWAS)用于确定相关表型性状的数量性状位点。使用多焦点混合模型可以校正群体分层并考虑长程连锁不平衡。在这项研究中,研究人员对奥斯塔河谷的两个自生两用牛品种进行了基因组学分析,以确定其产奶量(产奶量、蛋白质和脂肪组成以及产量)的遗传基础。利用育种值或去回归证明,确定了产奶量、蛋白质百分比和脂肪百分比的共同重要单核苷酸多态性。在 5 号染色体和 14 号染色体上为脂肪率确定了两个主要的数量性状基因位点区域,其中包含 MGST1、CYHR1、VPS28 和 CPSF1 基因。在蛋白质百分比方面,已在 BTA 6 上确定了一个候选区域;在该区域中,注释了 CSN1S1、CSN2、HSTN、CSN3 和 RUFY3 基因。在其他关于世界性牛和本地牛的研究中,大部分已发现的基因都与牛奶成分有关。这些结果表明,涉及奥斯塔牛乳成分数量性状的基因在其他牛种中也很常见,可以利用全基因组测序数据对其进行进一步研究。
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引用次数: 0
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