Virtual Worlds of Neurophenomenology

In this article, the perspectives of Francisco Varela and Thomas Metzinger on the notion of selfhood are explored, highlighting their differences and similar­ities. The focus is on how the perception of self and the surrounding world is in­separable from elements of virtuality and simulation, which are vital in cognitive processes. Metzinger emphasizes perception’s illusory and simulated nature, whereas Varela considers phenomenal perception an actively created virtual real­ity. Both approaches challenge the traditional view of a stable, centralized ‘self’, seeing selfhood as the result of multiple interacting processes. Varela is centered on an enactivist vision, treating active engagement with the world as a crucial el­ement in forming selfhood. At the same time, Metzinger focuses on phenomenal self-modeling and the illusory nature of selfhood. The article also addresses the ethical differences between the two concepts. Metzinger points to potential issues in creating self-aware AI, while Varela sees in the understanding of a non-substantial ‘self’ the possibility for deeper engagement with the world, suggest­ing freedom from the constraints of rigidly stabilized selfhood and openness to diverse aspects of the environment.