Blockchain-enabled secure and authentic Nash equilibrium strategies for heterogeneous networked hub of electric vehicle charging stations

In the networked enlarged electric vehicle (EV) charging infrastructures, the security and authenticity of the stakeholders involved in the EV energy market pool are prime important. This paper proposes an EV network hub (EVNH) comprising EVs, EV aggregators (EVAs), and charging nodes in the networked EV energy market pool. The various EVAs implement different heterogeneous blockchains. The EVNH facilitates blockchain-based secure and resilient energy trading under grid to vehicle and vehicle to grid systems. The paper emphasizes interoperability challenges involving different blockchains to communicate and transfer assets or data between them. We suggest secure and trustworthy energy trading across various EVAs using multiple EV tokens for EV energy trading through cross-chain communications. The EVAs consider a Nash equilibrium-seeking strategy to find the Nash equilibrium in the noncooperative game of EVAs. The effectiveness of the proposed EVNH is tested using MATLAB, Solidity, and Python software.