Challenges in managing extensive brown tumors and renal stones in a young man with parathyroid carcinoma and single kidney: Case report

Parathyroid carcinoma is one of the rare causes of primary hyperparathyroidism, comprising less than 1 % of its cases. Diagnosing parathyroid carcinoma typically requires a comprehensive evaluation using clinical, histological, and radiological methods. Primary hyperparathyroidism secondary to parathyroid carcinoma often presents with hypercalcemia, bone abnormalities, and renal stones. Brown tumours, a rare and late manifestation of hyperparathyroidism, signify the final stage in bone remodelling, and they can be easily mistaken for bony metastases, which highlights the importance of distinguishing between them to ensure appropriate management and avoid unnecessary treatment. Due to the rarity of parathyroid carcinoma, there is currently no standardized staging system or specific guidelines for its management. Consequently, the involvement of a multidisciplinary team has become crucial in addressing this disease. Surgery is considered the primary treatment approach, while the role of adjuvant radiotherapy and chemotherapy remains controversial. With ongoing research, the treatment landscape for parathyroid carcinoma may evolve, offering new hope for improved outcomes and quality of life for affected individuals.