A review of nanomaterials with excellent purification potential for the removal of micro- and nanoplastics from liquid

Microplastics (MPs) and nanoplastics (NPs) pose a significant threat to human health due to their slow degradation, high toxicity, and potential to react with organic pollutants, forming even more hazardous substances. However, traditional methods for removing MPs/NPs have limitations. Nanomaterials are extensively utilized in water treatment for their easily modifiable properties and ability to effectively bind to contaminants. This review critically examines various nanomaterials employed as adsorbents, catalysts, and membranes for the removal of MPs and NPs. By delving into the sources of these pollutants, we aim to encourage further research focusing on source reduction. Furthermore, key areas for potential future research directions are highlighted.