DeCarbon

Pub Date : 2025-12-11 DOI: 10.1016/j.decarb.2025.100146

Alireza Shirneshan

Industrial furnaces that use liquid fuels like diesel and biodiesel blends encounter problems with controlling pollutant emissions and keeping combustion efficient. The impact of swirl number on liquid-fuel combustion in these systems is not as well understood as it is for gaseous fuels. This study examines the effects of swirl number and biodiesel percentage on combustion performance and emissions in a cylindrical furnace. It uses a method that combines computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and Artificial Bee Colony (ABC) optimization. A three-dimensional CFD model with the standard k–ε turbulence model and detailed NOx formation mechanisms was tested against existing experimental data. Simulations were done for different swirl numbers and biodiesel blend ratios. The results were analyzed using the ABC algorithm to determine the optimal operating conditions. The findings indicate that increasing swirl enhances fuel–air mixing and significantly lowers CO concentrations along the furnace axis, with reductions over 60 % near the burner. The formation of NOx is a more complex process. While higher swirl reduces early-stage NOx generation, it can increase late-stage formation near the walls due to better radial transport. The optimization process determined that a swirl number of 2.7 and a biodiesel content of 80 % provided the optimal balance between low CO emissions and acceptable NOx levels. These results offer valuable guidance for designing and operating liquid-fuel industrial furnaces that meet stringent emission standards while maintaining optimal efficiency.

使用液体燃料（如柴油和生物柴油混合物）的工业炉在控制污染物排放和保持燃烧效率方面遇到了问题。在这些系统中，旋流数对液体燃料燃烧的影响并不像对气体燃料的影响那样清楚。本研究考察了涡流数和生物柴油百分比对圆柱形炉燃烧性能和排放的影响。它采用了计算流体力学（CFD）和人工蜂群（ABC）优化相结合的方法。采用标准的k -ε湍流模型和详细的NOx形成机制的三维CFD模型与现有的实验数据进行了测试。对不同的涡流数和生物柴油混合比例进行了模拟。采用ABC算法对结果进行分析，确定最佳运行工况。研究结果表明，增加涡流增强了燃料-空气混合，并显著降低了沿炉轴的CO浓度，在燃烧器附近降低了60%以上。氮氧化物的形成是一个更为复杂的过程。虽然较高的涡流减少了早期NOx的生成，但由于更好的径向传输，可以增加后期在壁面附近的NOx生成。优化过程确定，涡流数为2.7，生物柴油含量为80%，可以在低CO排放和可接受的NOx水平之间实现最佳平衡。这些结果为设计和运行满足严格排放标准的液体燃料工业炉，同时保持最佳效率提供了有价值的指导。

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引用次数: 0

Research progress on sodium ion batteries under extreme temperature conditions 极端温度条件下钠离子电池的研究进展

DeCarbon

Pub Date : 2025-12-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.decarb.2025.100138

Qikai Lei , Mengkai Yang , Youwei Wen , Zhen Dong , Yongli Zhou , Hao Wang , Yongqi Li , Peng Peng , Man Chen , Yuxuan Li

Sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) have emerged as a promising alternative to lithium-ion batteries due to the abundance of sodium and their cost-effectiveness. However, their performance under extreme temperature conditions (both low and high temperatures) remains a critical challenge for practical applications. At low temperatures, sluggish ion diffusion and electrolyte freezing limit electrochemical performance, while high temperatures accelerate degradation and safety risks. This review comprehensively summarizes recent research progress on SIBs under extreme temperature environments, focusing on key materials, including electrodes, and electrolytes. Advanced approaches such as electrolyte optimization (e.g., low-freezing-point solvents, high-concentration electrolytes) and robust electrode design (e.g., nanostructure engineering) are discussed to enhance temperature resilience. By addressing these challenges, SIBs can achieve broader applicability in extreme climates, from polar regions to deserts, paving the way for sustainable energy storage solutions.

钠离子电池（SIBs）已成为锂离子电池的一种有前途的替代品，因为钠含量丰富，而且成本效益高。然而，它们在极端温度条件下（低温和高温）的性能仍然是实际应用的关键挑战。在低温下，离子扩散缓慢和电解质冻结会限制电化学性能，而高温会加速降解和安全风险。本文综述了近年来极端温度环境下SIBs的研究进展，重点介绍了极端温度环境下SIBs的关键材料，包括电极和电解质。讨论了诸如电解质优化（例如，低冰点溶剂，高浓度电解质）和稳健电极设计（例如，纳米结构工程）等先进方法来增强温度弹性。通过应对这些挑战，sib可以在从极地到沙漠的极端气候中实现更广泛的适用性，为可持续能源存储解决方案铺平道路。

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引用次数: 0

Toward carbon-zero internet of things: Soil-powered renewable energy for perpetual sensing and communication 迈向零碳物联网：用于永久传感和通信的土壤动力可再生能源

DeCarbon

Pub Date : 2025-12-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.decarb.2025.100137

Yaozi Zheng , Yawei Wang , Jingyi Liu , Junlei Wang , Guobiao Hu

The widespread deployment of Internet of Things (IoT) devices has led to an increasing demand for sustainable and cost-effective power resources. Soil microbial fuel cells (SMFCs) have emerged as a promising solution, offering great biocompatibility and operational viability. This study presents a thorough investigation of the critical design parameters that influence the performance of SMFCs, with a particular focus on electrode material selection and electrode spatial configurations. Six common metallic materials, including brass, copper, stainless steel, aluminum alloy, iron, and zinc, are evaluated for their effectiveness as electrode materials, with zinc-stainless steel being found to be the optimal combination based on voltage and current outputs. The spatial arrangement of the electrodes is also shown to impact performance, with the series connection mode providing higher voltage output and larger internal resistance, while the parallel mode results in higher power output and lower internal resistance. To showcase the practical potential of SMFCs, a nine-cell series array was utilized to power a customized low-power IoT node, enabling the successful transmission of temperature data to the cloud without the need for a traditional battery. This work highlights the viability of SMFCs as a renewable, battery-free solution for IoT devices, with potential applications in agriculture, environmental monitoring, and smart campuses.

物联网（IoT）设备的广泛部署导致对可持续和具有成本效益的电力资源的需求不断增加。土壤微生物燃料电池（smfc）已成为一种很有前途的解决方案，具有良好的生物相容性和操作可行性。本研究对影响smfc性能的关键设计参数进行了深入研究，特别关注电极材料选择和电极空间配置。6种常见的金属材料，包括黄铜、铜、不锈钢、铝合金、铁和锌，对其作为电极材料的有效性进行了评估，锌-不锈钢是基于电压和电流输出的最佳组合。电极的空间排列也会对性能产生影响，串联方式提供更高的电压输出和更大的内阻，而并联方式提供更高的功率输出和更低的内阻。为了展示smfc的实用潜力，一个9单元串联阵列被用来为定制的低功耗物联网节点供电，从而在不需要传统电池的情况下成功将温度数据传输到云端。这项工作强调了smfc作为物联网设备的可再生、无电池解决方案的可行性，在农业、环境监测和智能校园中具有潜在的应用前景。

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引用次数: 0

Efficient production of biomass-derived butanediols over a facile Pd-WOx catalyst 在易于使用的Pd-WOx催化剂上高效生产生物质衍生丁二醇

DeCarbon

Pub Date : 2025-12-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.decarb.2025.100135

Heng Huang , Shuang Luo , Haijie Yu , Jiayi Peng , Yueyue Tang , Renhui Ling , Yuxin Zheng , Jiadai He , Tasnim Munshi , Jianjian Wang

Efficient production of butanediols from biomass-derived feedstocks under mild reaction conditions is still of challenge. Here, we reported a highly efficient Pd-WO_x catalyst which was facilely synthesized by a simple ‘one pot’ solvothermal method for the selective conversion of glucose and lignocellulosic biomass to butanediols with remarkable activity. The optimized process achieved an impressive 56.5 % yield of butanediols at 180 °C within 8 h under a low hydrogen pressure of 0.6 MPa, surpassing most reported catalysts. Comprehensive characterization (H₂-TPR, XPS, NH₃-TPD, etc.) revealed that Pd-WO_x not only enhanced H₂ adsorption and activation but also possessed a higher density of acidic sites to promote selective cleavage of C–C bond in glucose structure, thereby significantly improving the efficiency of sustainable butanediols production. Furthermore, the catalyst demonstrated excellent stability over five reaction cycles. This work provides a viable and efficient strategy for sustainable biomass valorization to produce valuable butanediols.

在温和的反应条件下从生物质原料中高效生产丁二醇仍然是一个挑战。本文报道了一种高效的Pd-WOx催化剂，该催化剂通过简单的“一锅”溶剂热法合成，可将葡萄糖和木质纤维素生物质选择性转化为丁二醇，并具有显著的活性。优化后的工艺在180°C下，在0.6 MPa的低氢压力下，在8 h内获得了56.5%的丁二醇收率，超过了大多数报道的催化剂。综合表征（H2- tpr， XPS， NH3-TPD等）表明，Pd-WOx不仅增强了H2的吸附和活化，而且具有更高的酸性位点密度，促进葡萄糖结构中C-C键的选择性裂解，从而显著提高了可持续丁二醇生产的效率。此外，该催化剂在五个反应循环中表现出优异的稳定性。这项工作为可持续生物质增值生产有价值的丁二醇提供了可行和有效的策略。

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引用次数: 0

Dual-mode leather-like nanotextiles for adaptive thermal regulation 用于自适应热调节的双模类皮革纳米纺织品

DeCarbon

Pub Date : 2025-12-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.decarb.2025.100136

Yupeng Li , Yang Li , Xiao Chen

In response to the limitations of conventional thermal management materials, such as restricted functionality, narrow temperature adaptability, and poor breathability, flexibility, and stretchability, this highlight presents a breathable, dual-mode leather-like nanotextile (LNT) with asymmetric pleated photonic microstructures and Janus wettability. This innovative design enables efficient and adaptive personal thermal regulation across a broad temperature range, while significantly improving wearer comfort through optimized moisture management and mechanical compliance. The proposed LNT opens new pathways for developing next-generation smart textiles, showing great potential for real-world applications in dynamic and demanding environments.

针对传统热管理材料的局限性，如功能受限、温度适应性窄、透气性、柔韧性和拉伸性差等，本研究重点提出了一种具有不对称褶皱光子微结构和Janus润湿性的透气性、双模类皮革纳米纺织品（LNT）。这种创新的设计可以在广泛的温度范围内实现高效和自适应的个人热调节，同时通过优化的湿度管理和机械顺应性显着提高佩戴者的舒适度。拟议的LNT为开发下一代智能纺织品开辟了新的途径，在动态和苛刻的环境中显示出巨大的实际应用潜力。

引用次数: 0

Progress and prospects of flexible operation for coal-fired power plants facing increasing renewables 面对日益增长的可再生能源，燃煤电厂灵活运行的进展与展望

DeCarbon

Pub Date : 2025-11-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.decarb.2025.100134

Yilihamu Yiming , Wenbo Gu , Zipeng Zheng , Wanyao He

Faced with the global warming trend, many coal-frontier countries including China have gradually come to develop flexible power generation to support a novel energy system with increasing renewable energy. While the existing literature extensively discusses various technologies of flexible coal-fired power generation and energy storage, there remains a critical gap in systematic research that holistically assesses the current landscape of flexible generation technologies in coal-fired power plants while delineating actionable pathways for their evolution in low-carbon energy systems. In this paper, current situations from combustion side and pulverized coal side retrofit, wide load denitrification retrofit, turbine side flexibility retrofit, and energy storage coupled peak shifting and fast variable load response technology are illustrated first respectively. In addition, this paper presents a new perspective on the future direction of flexibility retrofit, including the integration of energy storage to enhance operational flexibility. This review can provide a reference for the research and development of deep peak-shaving and flexible retrofit technologies for power generation for pulverized coal boiler generating units in the future.

面对全球变暖的趋势，包括中国在内的许多煤炭前沿国家逐渐开始发展柔性发电，以支持可再生能源不断增加的新型能源系统。虽然现有文献广泛讨论了各种燃煤柔性发电和储能技术，但在系统研究方面仍存在重大空白，无法全面评估燃煤电厂柔性发电技术的现状，同时描绘其在低碳能源系统中发展的可行途径。本文首先从燃烧侧和煤粉侧改造、宽负荷脱硝改造、汽轮机侧柔性改造、储能耦合移峰和快速变负荷响应技术等方面阐述了目前的现状。此外，本文还提出了未来柔性改造方向的新视角，包括集成储能以增强运行灵活性。本文综述可为今后煤粉锅炉发电机组发电深度调峰和柔性改造技术的研究与开发提供参考。

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引用次数: 0

Thermal management in EV wireless charging: Breakthroughs, challenges, and next-generation cooling strategies 电动汽车无线充电的热管理：突破、挑战和下一代冷却策略

DeCarbon

Pub Date : 2025-10-27 DOI: 10.1016/j.decarb.2025.100133

Jiayi Liu , Weijie Zhong , Zhenyu Lv , Chaobo Li , Yudong Liu

High-power wireless power transfer (WPT) systems are pivotal for the widespread adoption of electric vehicles (EVs) and the decarbonization of transportation. However, thermal issues arising from Joule heating and hysteresis losses in high-power (≥100 kW) systems remain a critical bottleneck, compromising efficiency, reliability, and safety. This review comprehensively examines the fundamental principles and recent advancements in magnetic field-coupled WPT technology. We then provide a critical analysis of state-of-the-art thermal management solutions—including air cooling, immersion cooling, microchannel cooling, phase change materials, nanofluids, heat pipes, and composite systems—evaluating their thermal performance, electromagnetic compatibility, and carbon footprints. Notable achievements include microchannel cooling maintaining temperatures at 108 °C in megawatt-level coils, and phase change material-based solutions limiting heating plate temperatures below 80 °C. Despite progress, challenges persist in electromagnetic compatibility, system compactness, and dynamic response. Future research should prioritize developing advanced cooling architectures for efficiency-carbon trade-off optimization, focusing on low-eddy-current liquid cooling and electromagnetic compatibility-optimized phase change material enclosures. This review links thermal management breakthroughs to scalable, low-carbon EV infrastructure, offering actionable insights to accelerate the transition to carbon-neutral transportation.

大功率无线电力传输（WPT）系统对于电动汽车（ev）的广泛采用和交通运输的脱碳至关重要。然而，在大功率（≥100 kW）系统中，焦耳加热和迟滞损耗引起的热问题仍然是影响效率、可靠性和安全性的关键瓶颈。本文综述了磁场耦合WPT技术的基本原理和最新进展。然后，我们对最先进的热管理解决方案（包括空气冷却、浸入式冷却、微通道冷却、相变材料、纳米流体、热管和复合系统）进行了批判性分析，评估了它们的热性能、电磁兼容性和碳足迹。值得注意的成就包括微通道冷却，将兆瓦级线圈的温度保持在108°C，以及基于相变材料的解决方案，将加热板的温度限制在80°C以下。尽管取得了进展，但在电磁兼容性、系统紧凑性和动态响应方面仍然存在挑战。未来的研究应优先考虑开发先进的冷却架构，以实现效率-碳权衡优化，重点关注低涡流液体冷却和电磁兼容性优化的相变材料外壳。本综述将热管理的突破与可扩展的低碳电动汽车基础设施联系起来，为加速向碳中和交通的过渡提供了可行的见解。

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引用次数: 0

Photothermal synergistic empowerment of Ni/Ce1-xZrxO2 catalyst for DRM: Photothermal coupling regulation and product generation mechanism Ni/Ce1-xZrxO2催化剂在DRM中的光热增效作用：光热耦合调控及产物生成机理

DeCarbon

Pub Date : 2025-09-30 DOI: 10.1016/j.decarb.2025.100131

Siqi Song , Yue Lyu , Baihe Guo , Haiyu Liu , Yan Jin , Jingyu Ran , Juntian Niu

The dry reforming of methane (DRM) reaction enables the resourceful utilization of two greenhouse gases, holding significant implications for mitigating the climate crisis and preserving ecological balance. Based on our previous systematic research on the optical and electronic properties of Ce_1-xZr_xO₂ catalysts, this study constructs a model of Ni13 clusters supported on the (111) surface of Ce_1-xZr_xO₂ (x = 0, 1/4, 1) catalysts using density functional theory (DFT). Simulate the activation of CH₄ molecules and the formation of product CO and H₂ during the thermocatalytic DRM reaction. The results indicate that Ce–Zr doping optimizes the charge distribution on the catalyst surface, thereby accelerating the reaction process. The CH species react through an oxygen-assisted dehydrogenation pathway, effectively suppressing carbon deposition. By introducing an additional electric field to simulate the photogenerated carrier effect induced by light excitation, the electron transfer from the support to the active metal is enhanced. The separation and migration of photogenerated electron - hole pairs alter the adsorption configurations and transition state energies of reaction intermediates, reducing the reaction potential energy curve. This study provides a solid theoretical foundation for the development of highly efficient photothermal-coupled DRM catalysts.

甲烷干重整反应（DRM）实现了两种温室气体的资源化利用，对缓解气候危机和维护生态平衡具有重要意义。本研究在前人系统研究Ce1-xZrxO2催化剂光学和电子性质的基础上，利用密度泛函理论（DFT）构建了Ce1-xZrxO2 （x = 0,1 / 4,1）催化剂（111）表面负载Ni13簇的模型。模拟热催化DRM反应过程中CH4分子的活化和产物CO和H2的生成。结果表明，Ce-Zr掺杂优化了催化剂表面的电荷分布，从而加速了反应过程。CH物质通过氧辅助脱氢途径反应，有效抑制碳沉积。通过引入一个额外的电场来模拟光激发引起的光生载流子效应，增强了电子从载体到活性金属的转移。光生电子空穴对的分离和迁移改变了反应中间体的吸附构型和过渡态能，降低了反应势能曲线。该研究为开发高效光热耦合DRM催化剂提供了坚实的理论基础。

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引用次数: 0

A review on nano-micro structure design of fuel cells for efficient heat and mass transport 高效传热传质燃料电池纳米微结构设计研究进展

DeCarbon

Pub Date : 2025-09-26 DOI: 10.1016/j.decarb.2025.100132

Sheng Xu , Xuexue Fu , Li Xin , Fuxiang Huang , Tao Sheng , Lun Hua

Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells (PEMFCs) are a cornerstone technology for the emerging hydrogen economy, yet their performance and durability are fundamentally dictated by the intricate interplay of heat and mass transport within the Membrane Electrode Assembly (MEA). Pervasive challenges such as water flooding, membrane dehydration, and local hot spots are direct consequences of mismanaged water, gas, and thermal gradients in the cell's porous microstructures. Therefore, mastering these transport phenomena through rational microstructural design and engineering of the MEA is the most critical approach to breaking current performance barriers. This review charts the recent progress in microstructure engineering aimed at optimizing these transport processes. Our focus is on two critical functional layers. In the Gas Diffusion Layer (GDL), we discuss strategies that create synergistic pathways for reactant delivery and water removal by engineering graded porosity and controlled wettability. In the Catalyst Layer (CL), we explore beyond conventional ionomer optimization to highlight a paradigm shift: the transition from disordered electrodes to highly ordered architectures like nanowire and nanotube arrays. These structures dramatically lower mass transport resistance by providing low-tortuosity, direct pathways, thereby significantly boosting the ultimate power density of the cell. Understanding the underlying structure-property correlations is key. We touch upon the advanced tools enabling this, from in-situ visualization techniques like X-ray CT and neutron imaging to multi-scale simulations that offer mechanistic insights and guide future design. However, significant hurdles remain, chiefly the scalable and cost-effective manufacturing of advanced structures with proven long-term durability. We conclude with a forward-looking perspective, identifying Additive Manufacturing (3D printing), machine learning-driven design, and bio-inspired concepts as powerful catalysts that will accelerate the development of next-generation, high-performance, and durable fuel cells. Ultimately, this review serves as a comprehensive and forward-looking guide for the research community.

质子交换膜燃料电池（pemfc）是新兴氢经济的基础技术，但其性能和耐用性从根本上取决于膜电极组件（MEA）内热量和质量传输的复杂相互作用。水驱、膜脱水和局部热点等普遍存在的挑战是细胞多孔微结构中水、气和热梯度管理不当的直接后果。因此，通过合理的MEA微结构设计和工程化来掌握这些输运现象是打破当前性能壁垒的最关键途径。本文综述了旨在优化这些输运过程的微观结构工程的最新进展。我们的重点是两个关键的功能层。在气体扩散层（GDL）中，我们讨论了通过工程分级孔隙度和控制润湿性来创建反应物输送和水去除协同途径的策略。在催化剂层（CL）中，我们探索了超越传统的离聚体优化，以突出范式转变：从无序电极到高度有序结构（如纳米线和纳米管阵列）的转变。这些结构通过提供低扭曲、直接的通路，显著降低了质量传递阻力，从而显著提高了电池的最终功率密度。理解潜在的结构-属性相关性是关键。我们谈到了实现这一目标的先进工具，从x射线CT和中子成像等现场可视化技术到提供机理见解并指导未来设计的多尺度模拟。然而，重大的障碍仍然存在，主要是先进结构的可扩展性和成本效益制造，具有长期耐用性。最后，我们从前瞻性的角度出发，将增材制造（3D打印）、机器学习驱动设计和生物启发概念确定为强大的催化剂，将加速下一代高性能耐用燃料电池的开发。最终，本综述为研究界提供了一个全面和前瞻性的指南。

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引用次数: 0

Exploring structure–property relationships of critical temperatures for binary refrigerant mixtures via group contribution and machine learning 通过群体贡献和机器学习探索二元制冷剂混合物临界温度的结构-性质关系

DeCarbon

Pub Date : 2025-09-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.decarb.2025.100123

Jintao Wu , Yachao Pan , Jiahui Ren , Qibin Li

Thermodynamic cycles are the main approach of energy conversion, which is the main source of carbon emission. The working fluid is the energy carrier of thermodynamic cycles. And refrigerant is widely employed in low and medium grade energy utilization and heating ventilation and air conditioning. The refrigerant mixtures can effectively combine the advantages of their components, which plays a key role in decarbonization. As a basic thermophysical property, critical temperature, T_c, plays an important role in thermodynamic calculation and thermodynamics system design. In this work, the structure-property relationship models of T_c for binary refrigerants were established by developing predictive models based on 61 binary refrigerants with 275 sets of experimental T_c data and six machine learning algorithms. Also, specific halogenated groups of refrigerants are used to characterize the components and molecular structures of binary mixtures. The Multiple-layer Perceptron model owns the best fitting and generalization ability with the average deviation is lower than 2 %. Compared with conventional methods, the proposed model does not rely on any experimental property data or empirical parameters, and can accurately predict T_c of binary refrigerant mixtures directly from their components and mixing ratios. The present work could be guided in building predictive models for other properties, thereby supporting the development of novel refrigerant mixtures.

热力循环是能量转换的主要途径，是碳排放的主要来源。工质是热力学循环的能量载体。而制冷剂广泛应用于中低档能源利用和采暖通风空调中。制冷剂混合物能有效地结合各组分的优点，对脱碳起到关键作用。临界温度Tc作为一种基本的热物理性质，在热力学计算和热力学系统设计中起着重要的作用。本文利用275组实验Tc数据和6种机器学习算法，建立了基于61种二元制冷剂的Tc结构-性质关系模型。此外，制冷剂的特定卤化基团被用来表征二元混合物的成分和分子结构。多层感知器模型具有最佳的拟合和泛化能力，平均偏差小于2%。与传统方法相比，该模型不依赖于任何实验性能数据或经验参数，可以直接从二元制冷剂的组分和混合比中准确预测其Tc。目前的工作可以指导建立其他性能的预测模型，从而支持新型制冷剂混合物的开发。

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引用次数: 0

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