The catalytic asymmetric polyene cyclization of homofarnesol to ambrox

Polyene cyclizations are among the most complex and challenging transformations in biology. In a single reaction step, multiple carbon–carbon bonds, ring systems and stereogenic centres are constituted from simple, acyclic precursors1–3. Simultaneously achieving this kind of precise control over product distribution and stereochemistry poses a formidable task for chemists. In particular, the polyene cyclization of (3E,7E)-homofarnesol to the valuable naturally occurring ambergris odorant (−)-ambrox is recognized as a longstanding challenge in chemical synthesis1,4–7. Here we report a diastereoselective and enantioselective synthesis of (−)-ambrox and the sesquiterpene lactone natural product (+)-sclareolide by a catalytic asymmetric polyene cyclization by using a highly Brønsted-acidic and confined imidodiphosphorimidate catalyst in the presence of fluorinated alcohols. Several experiments, including deuterium-labelling studies, suggest that the reaction predominantly proceeds through a concerted pathway in line with the Stork–Eschenmoser hypothesis8–10. Mechanistic studies show the importance of the enzyme-like microenvironment of the imidodiphosphorimidate catalyst for attaining exceptionally high selectivities, previously thought to be achievable only in enzyme-catalysed polyene cyclizations. The catalytic asymmetric polyene cyclization of homofarnesol to ambrox is achieved using a highly Brønsted-acidic and confined imidodiphosphorimidate catalyst.